Response of Walnuts to Simulated Drift Rates of Bispyribac-Sodium, Bensulfuron-Methyl, and Propanil

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-415
Author(s):  
Mariano F. Galla ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Bradley D. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Quality Factor ◽  
Linear Correlation ◽  
Shoot Elongation ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Separate Study ◽  
Kernel Color ◽  
Field Situation ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Low Drift

AbstractA field study was established to study symptoms, growth and yield of 2-year-old walnut trees exposure to simulated drift of several herbicides commonly used in rice production. Bispyribac-sodium, bensulfuron-methyl, and propanil were applied at four rates representing 0.5%, 1%, 3% and 10% of the normal use rate in rice (45, 70, and 6725 g ai ha−1, for the three herbicides respectively). Symptoms started to appear approximately 7 days after application (DAT) and peaked 28 DAT. At that time, bispyribac-sodium caused greater injury at low drift rates (6% and 15% visual injury for 0.5% and 1% rate, respectively) compared to bensulfuron-methyl and propanil. Bispyribac-sodium also appeared to slow walnut shoot elongation compared to nontreated trees; however, no yield reductions were observed either in the year after drift exposure. The effect of bispyribac-sodium simulated drift on the yield and nut quality in the year of drift exposure was evaluated in a separate study on 3-year-old walnut trees. While no yield or nut quality reductions were observed, a linear correlation between rate of bispyribac-sodium and color, an important quality factor, was found: higher herbicide rates tended to be associated with darker kernel color. Bispyribac-sodium may damage nearby walnut orchards if drifted at significant amounts. However, it is unlikely that in a field situation bispyribac-sodium would drift at high enough levels to cause the symptoms observed from the 10% use rates in this study.

Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Interference in Soybeans (Glycine max)

Weed Science ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tracy E. Klingaman ◽  
Lawrence R. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Glycine Max ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Soybean Yield ◽  
Soybean Canopy ◽  
Highly Correlated

A 2-yr field study was conducted at Fayetteville, AR, to determine the effect of Palmer amaranth interference on soybean growth and yield. Palmer amaranth density had little effect on soybean height, but soybean canopy width ranged from 77 cm in the weed-free check to 35 cm in plots with 10 plants m–1of row 12 wk after emergence. Soybean yield reduction was highly correlated to Palmer amaranth biomass at 8 wk after emergence and maturity, soybean biomass at 8 wk after emergence, and Palmer amaranth density. Soybean yield reduction was 17, 27, 32, 48, 64, and 68%, respectively, for Palmer amaranth densities of 033, 0.66, 1, 2, 333, and 10 plants m–1of row. Soybean yield reduction and Palmer amaranth biomass were linear to approximately 2 Palmer amaranth m–1of row, suggesting intraspecific interference between adjacent Palmer amaranth is initiated at Palmer amaranth densities between 2 and 3.33 plants m–1of row.

scholarly journals Appreciation of ethrel on ripening dynamic and on the content of ingredients in processing tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten) varieties

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Helyes ◽  
J. Dimény ◽  
A. Lugasi ◽  
Gy. Schober ◽  
Z. Pék
Keyword(s):  
Quality Factor ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Processing Tomato ◽  
Lycopersicon Lycopersicum ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Lycopene Content ◽  
Tomato Products ◽  
Ripening Rate

Tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L) Karsten) is an important crop cultivated in Hungary. Ethrel has been used to advance maturity and promote uniform ripening of processing tomato since 25-30 years in Hungary. The aims of the present study were 1) to evaluate the effects of two different ethrel concentrations on ripening rate, 2) to investigate lycopene content of different maturity stages, 3) to test the effect of ethrel on lycopene content. It is important to note that the experimental year (in July and August) was very rainy and cool. Ethrel was applied at two rates: 1500 and 3000 ppm. The results clearly indicate that Ethrel can be a useful and effective tool of maturity-enhancement, under present circumstances. Ripening concentration increased significantly by Ethrel. In spite of this, Ethrel treatments did not affect lycopene content of examined varieties significantly. The quality of tomato products are characterised by their lycopene content. Colour is highly important quality factor of food products. The range in lycopene contents from all samples evaluated was 48.7 to 113.0 mg kg-1 fresh weight. Also correlations between lycopene content and colour (a*/b*, and chroma) were investigated also.

scholarly journals Development of a Seedling-applied Antitranspirant Formulation to Enhance Water Status, Growth, and Yield of Transplanted Bell Pepper

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Nitzsche ◽  
Gerald A. Berkowitz' ◽  
Jack Rabin
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Water Potential ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Leaf Water Potential ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Transplant Shock

The objective of this research was to develop an effective antitranspirant formulation for reducing transplant shock (transitory water stress) in bell pepper (Capsicm annuum L.) seedlings. A formulation with a paraffin wax emulsion (Folicote at 5%) and a spreader/sticker type surfactant (Biofilm at 0.5%) was effective as an antitranspirant. This formulation was less phytotoxic than other formulations tested. Application of the formulation led to increased leaf water potential (Ψ w) i in transplanted seedlings for several days as compared with untreated transplants. When this, (relatively) nonphytotoxic formulation was used in a field study for 1 year, increased seedling Ψ w during a period of imposed water stress led to less leaf abscission and increased plant growth throughout the growing season. Chemical names used: alkylarylpolyethoxyethanol (Biofilm).

scholarly journals Growth and Yield Sensitivity of Four Vegetable Crops to Soil Compaction

1995 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 956-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Wolfe ◽  
Daniel T. Topoleski ◽  
Norman A. Gundersheim ◽  
Betsy A. Ingall
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Sweet Corn ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Snap Bean ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Compacted Soil

A 3-year field study conducted on an Eel silt loam soil (Aquic Udifluvent) compared cabbage (Brussica oleracea L. capitata group), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and sweet corn (Zea mays L.) for their growth and yield response to an artificially compacted soil layer beginning at about the 10-cm depth. Slower growing cabbage seedlings in compacted plots were more subject to flea beetle damage than the uncompacted controls. Prolonged flooding after heavy rainfall events in compacted areas had a more adverse effect on cabbage and snap bean than on cucumber or sweet corn. Sweet corn showed almost no growth reduction in one of the three years (1993) when relatively high fertilizer rates were applied and leaf nitrogen deficiencies in compacted plots were prevented. Maturity of cabbage, snap bean, and cucumber was delayed, and the average reduction in total marketable yield in (direct-seeded) compacted plots was 73%, 49%, 41%, and 34% for cabbage, snap bean, cucumber and sweet corn, respectively. Yield reduction in transplanted cabbage (evaluated in 1993 only) was 29%. In a controlled environment greenhouse experiment using the same soil type and similar compaction treatment as the field study, compaction caused a reduction in total biomass production of 30% and 14% in snap bean and cabbage, respectively, while cucumber and sweet corn showed no significant response. The growth reductions of snap bean and cabbage in the greenhouse could not be attributed to compaction effects on soil water status, leaf turgor, nutrient deficiency, or net CO, assimilation rate of individual leaves. Root growth of sweet corn was least restricted by the compacted soil layer. The contrast between our field and greenhouse results indicates that the magnitude of yield response to compaction in the field was often associated with species sensitivity to secondary effects of compaction, such as prolonged flooding after rainfall events, reduced nutrient availability or uptake, and prolonged or more severe pest pressure.

scholarly journals Hormonal Response of Gibberellin (Ga3), Grafting and Seasonal Variations on Growth and Yield Parameters on Okra (Abelmoschus Esculentus)

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-39
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Quality Traits ◽  
Hormonal Response ◽  
Yield Parameters ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Dry Seasons

The effect of Gibberellin Hormonal Response and Grafting methods on the Growth and Yield of Okra was investigated, with the aim of inducing variability that could be exploited in the improvement of some quality traits in Okra plants. Gibberellin, grafting and a combination of grafting with Gibberellin) were applied on to the Okra seeds. The seeds of Okra were treated at four different concentrations of Gibberellin (0.1mM, 1.0 mM, 2.0 mM and 0.0 mM as control) after which some of the mutants were grafted using tongue grafting method at seedlings stage.  The other set of seeds were not treated with the hormone but were grafted at seedlings stage. The results obtained revealed highly significant difference (P≤ 0.01) in the effects of Gibberellin on survival rates, number of fruits, and fruit weight. Similarly, highly significant differences (P≤0.01) were found between the treatments in Survival rate, except on the number of fruits and fruit weight, where no significant differences exist. More so, significant differences were found in the traits between the seasons except in fruit number. The result showed that Gibberellin and grafting improve important quality traits of Okra. The mutants and grafted Okra could be grown both during the rainy and dry seasons, while 0.1 mM concentration of Gibberellin and grafting improve some important quality traits of Okra that could be utilized for further improvement of Okra. However, the response of Okra to grafting was higher. Based on the findings, the study concluded that, grafting improves some important quality traits of Okra that are of high economic value and possible recommendations that could be made.

scholarly journals Exploring Yield Potential of Pigeonpea and Soybean Intercropping Systems in NEHZ

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-27
Author(s):  
Lowrence Kithan ◽  
Malini B. Sharma ◽  
Akumla Longchar ◽  
Tinatoly Sema ◽  
Kavi Sumi
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Field Study ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Net Return ◽  
Rainfed Conditions ◽  
Equivalent Yield

A field study was conducted on yield potential of Pigeonpea and Soybean intercropping systems at the experimental farm of School of Agriculural Sciences and Rural Development (SASRD) on AICRP on Pigeonpea Nagaland University Medziphema Campus under rainfed conditions during 2016 and 2017. The treatment comprised of different row ratios of Pigeonpea and Soybean i.e 1:1, 1:2, 2:1 and 2:2 respectively with sole Pigeonpea and Soybean. The variety used for Pigeonpea was UPAS 120 and for Soybean was JS-9752 respectively. The experiment was laid in RBD with 3 Replications and 6 Treatments. Sole Pigeonpea performed better with respect to growth and yield. Among the different intercropping systems paired rows (2:2) ratios of Pigeonpea and Soybean performed significantly better in terms of yield (1025.64 Kg/ha) which was at par with (2:1) row ratios. As for economics paired row (2:2) ratios of Pigeonpea and Soybean proved superior to all other treatments in LER (1.89), Net return (Rs 86877/ha), Gross return (Rs 133177.8/ha) and Pigeonpea Equivalent yield (876.9 Kg/ha) which was at par with (1:2) row ratios of Pigeonpea and Soybean.

scholarly journals Pecan Kernel Color: Standards Using the Munsell Color Notation System

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 548-553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tommy E. Thompson ◽  
L.J. Grauke ◽  
E.F. Young
Keyword(s):  
Carya Illinoinensis ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Notation System ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Kernel Color ◽  
Color System ◽  
Important Quality ◽  
Storage Methods ◽  
Breeding And Genetics ◽  
Munsell System

The Munsell Color System was used to define pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] kernel colors and color changes for 21 clones, 11 locations, and 4 storage methods for nuts collected over a 4-year period. Hue readings ranged from 10.0 (10 red) to 22.5 (2.5 yellow). Value readings ranged from 2.5 to 8.0, and chroma readings ranged from 1.0 to 8.0. A total of 91 color chips (individual combinations of hue, value, and chroma) were needed to describe kernel color variability. In 1987 and 1988, one color [15.0/5/4 (hue/value/chroma)] accounted for 3,979 of the 32,078 readings taken, and the 15 most common colors accounted for 80.7% of all the readings. The Munsell system of color determination was well suited for pecan color determinations. A simplified color rating system with only six color classes was developed for general use by the pecan industry. This system is also routinely used in our breeding and genetics program to define this very important quality trait in pecan.

Walnut Response to Multiple Exposures to Simulated Drift of Bispyribac-Sodium

2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 618-622
Author(s):  
Mariano F. Galla ◽  
Kassim Al-Khatib ◽  
Bradley D. Hanson
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Growth Yield ◽  
Tissue Differentiation ◽  
Treatment Regime ◽  
Kernel Color ◽  
Multiple Exposures

AbstractA field study was established to evaluate symptoms, growth, yield, and nut quality of walnut trees subjected to multiple exposures of simulated bispyribac-sodium drift. Nut yield the year following simulated drift treatment was also evaluated because tissue differentiation for future fruiting position occurs in the prior season. Bispyribac-sodium was applied four times, at weekly intervals, at 0.5% and 3% of the use rate in rice (45 g ai ha-1). Injury from the 0.5% rate exceeded 5% after three applications. In general, the severity of the symptoms peaked 14 d after last application (23% and 40% injury for 0.5% and 3% rate, respectively) and subsequently remained nearly constant over the duration of the study. Growth of shoots treated with the 0.5% rate was initially delayed during the treatment regime but recovered after treatments ended; however, walnut shoots exposed to the higher rate had fewer internodes than nontreated trees at the end of the season. No measurable reduction in walnut yield or average nut weight either in the year of exposure or in the subsequent year was observed. However, both rates negatively affected walnut kernel color in the year of exposure.

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