scholarly journals Pollen-mediated gene flow and transfer of resistance alleles from herbicide-resistant broadleaf weeds

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Amit J. Jhala ◽  
Jason K. Norsworthy ◽  
Zahoor A. Ganie ◽  
Lynn M. Sosnoskie ◽  
Hugh J. Beckie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Reproductive Biology ◽  
Interspecific Hybridization ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Giant Ragweed

Abstract Pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) refers to the transfer of genetic information (alleles) from one plant to another compatible plant. With the evolution of herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds, PMGF plays an important role in the transfer of resistance alleles from HR to susceptible weeds; however, little attention is given to this topic. The objective of this work was to review reproductive biology, PMGF studies, and interspecific hybridization, as well as potential for herbicide resistance alleles to transfer in the economically important broadleaf weeds including common lambsquarters, giant ragweed, horseweed, kochia, Palmer amaranth, and waterhemp. The PMGF studies involving these species reveal that transfer of herbicide resistance alleles routinely occurs under field conditions and is influenced by several factors, such as reproductive biology, environment, and production practices. Interspecific hybridization studies within Amaranthus and Ambrosia spp. show that herbicide resistance allele transfer is possible between species of the same genus but at relatively low levels. The widespread occurrence of HR weed populations and high genetic diversity is at least partly due to PMGF, particularly in dioecious species such as Palmer amaranth and waterhemp compared with monoecious species such as common lambsquarters and horseweed. Prolific pollen production in giant ragweed contributes to PMGF. Kochia, a wind-pollinated species can efficiently disseminate herbicide resistance alleles via both PMGF and tumbleweed seed dispersal, resulting in widespread occurrence of multiple HR kochia populations. The findings from this review verify that intra- and interspecific gene flow can occur and, even at a low rate, could contribute to the rapid spread of herbicide resistance alleles. More research is needed to determine the role of PMGF in transferring multiple herbicide resistance alleles at the landscape level.

Transfer of resistance alleles from herbicide-resistant to susceptible grass weeds via pollen-mediated gene flow

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-51
Author(s):  
Amit J. Jhala ◽  
Hugh J. Beckie ◽  
Carol Mallory-Smith ◽  
Marie Jasieniuk ◽  
Roberto Busi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Wild Oats ◽  
Rigid Ryegrass ◽  
Grass Weed

Abstract The objective of this paper was to review the reproductive biology, herbicide-resistant (HR) biotypes, pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF), and potential for transfer of alleles from HR to susceptible grass weeds including barnyardgrass, creeping bentgrass, Italian ryegrass, johnsongrass, rigid (annual) ryegrass, and wild oats. The widespread occurrence of HR grass weeds is at least partly due to PMGF, particularly in obligate outcrossing species such as rigid ryegrass. Creeping bentgrass, a wind-pollinated turfgrass species, can efficiently disseminate herbicide resistance alleles via PMGF and movement of seeds and stolons. The genus Agrostis contains about 200 species, many of which are sexually compatible and produce naturally occurring hybrids as well as producing hybrids with species in the genus Polypogon. The self-incompatibility, extremely high outcrossing rate, and wind pollination in Italian ryegrass clearly point to PMGF as a major mechanism by which herbicide resistance alleles can spread across agricultural landscapes, resulting in abundant genetic variation within populations and low genetic differentiation among populations. Italian ryegrass can readily hybridize with perennial ryegrass and rigid ryegrass due to their similarity in chromosome numbers (2n=14), resulting in interspecific gene exchange. Johnsongrass, barnyardgrass, and wild oats are self-pollinated species, so the potential for PMGF is relatively low and limited to short distances; however, seeds can easily shatter upon maturity before crop harvest, leading to wider dispersal. The occurrence of PMGF in reviewed grass weed species, even at a low rate is greater than that of spontaneous mutations conferring herbicide resistance in weeds and thus can contribute to the spread of herbicide resistance alleles. This review indicates that the transfer of herbicide resistance alleles occurs under field conditions at varying levels depending on the grass weed species.

Multiple herbicide–resistant canola can be controlled by alternative herbicides

Weed Science ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 152-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh J. Beckie ◽  
Ginette Séguin-Swartz ◽  
Harikumar Nair ◽  
Suzanne I. Warwick ◽  
Eric Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Gene Stacking ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Greenhouse Experiments ◽  
Herbicide Resistance Gene

Unintentional herbicide resistance gene stacking in canola may alter the sensitivity of volunteers to herbicides of alternative modes of action commonly used for their control. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to investigate the response of three single-herbicide–resistant (HR) cultivars (glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinone), one non-HR cultivar, and seven multiple (double or triple)–HR experimental lines to 2,4-D (amine and ester), MCPA ester, and metribuzin applied at the two- to three-leaf stage and of one non-HR and four HR cultivars (glyphosate, glufosinate, imidazolinone, bromoxynil) to 2,4-D amine applied at two growth stages (two- to three-leaf stage and five- to six-leaf stage). All canola cultivars or lines treated at the two- to three-leaf stage responded similarly to increasing doses of each of the three herbicides. At the five- to six-leaf stage, however, the bromoxynil HR cultivar was less sensitive to 2,4-D than the other cultivars. The results of this study suggest that canola with multiple-herbicide–resistance traits does not differ from cultivars that are non-HR or single HR in its sensitivity to herbicides commonly used to control volunteers. All volunteers, whether non-HR, single HR, or multiple HR, should be treated when plants are most sensitive to herbicides (two- to four-leaf stage) to reduce their interference against crops and their perpetuation of gene flow.

scholarly journals Rapid evolution of weedy traits during sunflower de-domestication: the importance of hybridization and standing genetic variation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando Hernandez ◽  
Roman Boris Vercellino ◽  
Claudio Pandolfo ◽  
Jennifer R. Mandel ◽  
Alejandro Presotto
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Seed Dormancy ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Evolution Of Resistance

Hybridization between crops and their wild relatives may promote the evolution of de-domesticated (feral) weeds. Wild sunflower is typically found in ruderal environments, but crop-wild hybridization may facilitate the evolution of weedy biotypes. Using one crop-specific mitochondrial marker (CMS-PET1) and 14 nuclear SSR markers, we studied the origin and genetic diversity of BRW, a recently discovered weedy biotype. Then, using a resurrection approach, we tested for rapid evolution of weedy traits (seed dormancy, herbicide resistance, and competitive ability) by sampling weedy and wild biotypes 10 years apart (2007 and 2017). All the weedy plants present the CMS-PET1 cytotype, confirming their feral origin. At the nuclear markers, BRW showed higher genetic diversity than the cultivated lines, as high genetic diversity as the most diverse wild biotypes, and low differentiation with one wild biotype, suggesting that wild hybridization increased the genetic diversity of the feral BRW. Regarding weedy trait evolution, we found support for rapid evolution towards higher seed dormancy, but not for higher competitive ability or herbicide resistance. Standing genetic variation probably facilitated the evolution of seed dormancy and limited the evolution of herbicide resistance, as no resistant alleles were found in the ancestral biotype. Our results demonstrate that natural crop-wild hybrids can evolve quickly in farmers' fields, leading to the establishment of weedy biotypes of cultivated origin. Although herbicide resistance did not evolve in BRW, management strategies aimed at preventing the evolution of resistance should be a priority in order to avoid the emergence and spread of herbicide resistant biotypes in Argentina.

Efficacy of dicamba and glyphosate as influenced by carrier water pH and hardness

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-106
Author(s):  
Pratap Devkota ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Water Hardness ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Common Ragweed ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Spray Solution ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Pitted Morningglory ◽  
Water Ph

AbstractHerbicide carrier water hardness and pH can be variable depending on the source and geographic location. Herbicide efficacy can be affected by the pH and hardness of water used for spray solution. Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of carrier water pH and hardness on premixed dicamba and glyphosate efficacy. Treatments were combinations of water pH at 4, 6.5, or 9; and water hardness at 0 (deionized water), 400, or 800 mg L−1 of CaCO3 equivalent. In the field study, dicamba and glyphosate were applied at 0.55 and 1.11 kg ae ha−1, respectively, and half of these rates were applied in the greenhouse study. There was no interaction between carrier water pH and hardness on dicamba and glyphosate efficacy; however, the main effects of carrier water pH and hardness were significant. Herbicide efficacy was reduced with carrier water at pH 9 compared with pH 4. In the field study, common lambsquarters, common ragweed, horseweed, or Palmer amaranth control was improved 6% or more at carrier water at pH 4 compared with pH 9. Similar results were observed with water pH for giant ragweed, Palmer amaranth, or pitted morningglory control in the greenhouse study. Carrier water hardness at 400 or 800 mg L−1 reduced common ragweed, giant ragweed, or horseweed control compared with 0 mg L−1. Similarly, common lambsquarters, Palmer amaranth, or pitted morningglory control was reduced at least 10% with carrier water hardness at 800 mg L−1 compared with 0 mg L−1. These results indicate carrier water at acidic pH and of no hardness is critical for dicamba and glyphosate application, and spray solution needs to be amended appropriately for an optimum efficacy.

Biotypes of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and Common Waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis) are Resistant to Imazethapyr and Thifensulfuron

1995 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 192-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Horak ◽  
Dallas E. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Amaranthus Palmeri ◽  
Typical Pattern ◽  
Resistance Development ◽  
Common Waterhemp ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Amaranthus Rudis ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Use

Seeds of suspected herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth and common waterhemp were collected in Clay County and Douglas County, KS, respectively. An experiment was established in a greenhouse to determine if these species had developed resistance to imazethapyr and thifensulfuron. Imazethapyr was applied pre- (PRE) and postemergence (POST) at 1×, 2×, 4×, and 8× the suggested use rate (70 g/ha), and thifensulfuron was applied POST at 1×, 2×, 4×, and 8× the suggested use rate (4.5 g/ha). Both species had developed resistance to all rates of these herbicides. The occurrence of resistance at the Clay County site (Palmer amaranth) fit the typical pattern for the development of herbicide resistance, i.e., multiple applications of the same class of herbicide for several years. However, the Douglas County (common waterhemp) site had a limited history of use of ALS-inhibiting herbicides and did not follow typical models of resistance development.

Does Timing Influence the Utility of Reduced Atrazine Rates for Proactive Resistance Management?

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 464-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross A. Recker ◽  
Joseph G. Lauer ◽  
David E. Stoltenberg ◽  
Paul D. Mitchell ◽  
Vince M. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Production Systems ◽  
Resistance Management ◽  
Environmental Concerns ◽  
Corn Yield ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments

Atrazine is an important herbicide for broadleaf weed control in corn. Use rates have declined in many corn production systems due to environmental concerns and the availability of other effective herbicides, especially glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant hybrids. However, using multiple effective herbicide modes of action is ever more important because occurrence of herbicide-resistant weeds is increasing. An experiment to compare application timings of reduced rates of atrazine to benefit resistance management in broadleaf weeds while protecting corn yield was conducted in Wisconsin across four site-years in 2012 and 2013. Herbicide treatments consisted of five atrazine rate and timing combinations and three POST base herbicides: glyphosate, glufosinate, and tembotrione. Metolachlor was applied PRE at 2.1 kg ai ha−1 for grass control in all treatments. A linear regression model estimated that atrazine rates ≥ 1.0 kg ai ha−1 applied PRE would prevent exposure of common lambsquarters plants to POST herbicides, but giant ragweed and velvetleaf exposure was not influenced by timing. Corn yield was also not influenced by atrazine rate and timing combinations at the α = 0.05 level; however, at P = 0.06, corn yield was greater for atrazine applied PRE at 1.1 kg ha−1 than for atrazine applied PRE at 0.5 kg ha−1, POST at 1.1 kg ha−1, or not at all. In summary, higher rates of atrazine applied PRE may improve yield, as reported by others, but this study concludes reduced rates of atrazine (i.e., ≤ 1.1 kg ha−1) applied to corn in a POST tank mixture combination provided more consistent control of giant ragweed, velvetleaf, and common lambsquarters compared with atrazine applied PRE. This information should help direct atrazine application timing applied POST when applied at low rates to improve proactive herbicide resistance management.

Glyphosate plus 2,4-D Deposition, Absorption, and Efficacy on Glyphosate-Resistant Weed Species as Influenced by Broadcast Spray Nozzle

2017 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Travis R. Legleiter ◽  
Bryan G. Young ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Palmer Amaranth ◽  
Spray Nozzle ◽  
Nozzle Design ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Solution Deposition ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Giant Ragweed ◽  
Deposition Density ◽  
Site Of Action

AbstractThe introduction of 2,4-D–resistant soybean will provide an additional POST herbicide site of action for control of herbicide-resistant broadleaf weeds. The introduction of this technology also brings concern of off-site movement of 2,4-D onto susceptible crops such as sensitive soybean and tomato. The 2,4-D formulation approved for use in 2,4-D–resistant soybean restricts application of the herbicide to nozzles that produce very coarse to ultra-coarse droplet spectrums. The use of larger droplet spectrums for broadcast applications can reduce herbicide deposition onto target weeds and thus influence herbicide efficacy. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of nozzle design on herbicide deposition onto target plants and the resulting efficacy of a POST application of 280 g ha−1glyphosate plus 280 g ha−12,4-D. The TTI11004 nozzle produced an ultra-coarse droplet spectrum and reduced coverage and deposition density on spray cards as compared with the XR11004 and TT11004 nozzles that produced medium droplet spectrums. The AIXR11004 nozzle also reduced deposition density on spray cards but did not reduce coverage. Herbicide solution deposition onto glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth, tall waterhemp, giant ragweed, and horseweed ranged from 0.28 to 0.72 µl cm−2and was not influenced by nozzle design. Herbicide efficacy was reduced by the TTI11004 nozzle on Palmer amaranth and horseweed compared with the AIXR11004, TT11004, and XR11004 nozzles when applications were made to either high densities of plants or plants exceeding the labeled height. The use of the AIXR11004 and TTI11004 nozzles that are listed as approved nozzles for glyphosate plus 2,4-D applications on 2,4-D–resistant soybean did not reduce herbicide deposition onto four of the most troublesome broadleaves and did not reduce herbicide efficacy when applied in conjunction with lower weed densities and smaller weeds.

Monitoring herbicide resistance gene flow in weed populations.

2021 ◽  
pp. 86-102
Author(s):  
Hugh J. Beckie ◽  
Sara L. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Resistance Gene ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Kochia Scoparia ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Disturbed Areas ◽  
Herbicide Resistance Gene ◽  
Common Resource

Abstract Although herbicide-resistant (HR) weeds can be regularly monitored in fields via surveys, areawide monitoring of both cropland and ruderal (non-crop disturbed) areas is required for species with high propagule mobility. With increasing occurrence of HR weed populations in many agro-ecoregions, the relative contribution of independent evolution through herbicide selection and movement of HR alleles via pollen or seed needs to be elucidated to inform management and help preserve the remaining public good and common resource of herbicide susceptibility. Molecular markers available for many weed species can be utilized to assess regional gene flow accurately. In this chapter, we outline recommended principles and protocols for areawide monitoring of herbicide resistance gene flow in weed populations, exemplified by a case study of glyphosate resistance in kochia (Bassia scoparia A.J. Scott syn. Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad.) in western Canada. Since being introduced from Eurasia to the Americas over a century ago, both seed- and pollen-mediated gene flow in the species have aided rapid range expansion and the spread of herbicide resistance.

Appearance and Spread of Triazine Resistance in Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henri Darmency ◽  
Jacques Gasquez
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Mutation Rate ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Chenopodium Album ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Triazine Resistance ◽  
Common Lambsquarters ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Resistant Phenotype

The first step in appearance of herbicide-resistant weed populations is the appearance of resistant plants or mutants. While efforts are underway to study and predict the spread of resistant plants within weed populations, knowledge of the conditions prevailing at the time of appearance of the first resistant plants is misunderstood. We try to shed some light on this phenomenon using the example of atrazine-resistant common lambsquarters. The population structure and variability, the presence of unusual genotypes that have a high mutation rate, the occurrence of a low-dose resistant phenotype that is the precursor of a high-dose resistant phenotype, and the potential for multiplication and spread are shown to be of major importance in the behavior of herbicide resistance.

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