Interval between sequential glufosinate applications influences weed control in cotton

AbstractDicamba and 2,4-D systems control many problematic weeds; however, drift to susceptible crops can be a concern in diverse production areas. Glufosinate-based systems are an alternative, but current recommended rates of glufosinate can result in variable control. Research was conducted in 2017 and 2018 to investigate the optimum time interval between sequential glufosinate applications and determine if the addition of glyphosate with glufosinate is beneficial for controlling Palmer amaranth and annual grasses in cotton. The interval between sequential applications (1, 3, 5, 7, 10, or 14 d or no second spray) was the whole plot and herbicide option (glufosinate or glufosinate plus glyphosate) was the subplot. Combined over herbicides, Palmer amaranth 15- to 20-cm tall (at four locations) was controlled 98% to 99% with sequential intervals of 1 to 7 d compared with 70% to 88% with intervals of 10 or 14 d. Lowest biomass weight and population densities were noted with 1- to 7-d intervals. Large crabgrass 15- to 20-cm tall (at five locations) was controlled 93% to 98% with glufosinate applications 3- to 7-d apart as compared with 76% to 81% with applications 10- to 14-d apart. Lowest biomass weights were observed with 1- to 7-d intervals. When glufosinate controlled grass less than 93%, adding glyphosate was beneficial. Neither interval between sequential applications nor herbicide option influenced cotton yield. Shorter time intervals between sequential application and including glyphosate can improve the effectiveness of a glufosinate-based system in managing Palmer amaranth and large crabgrass.

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Evaluation of Optimal Occasional Tilt on Photovoltaic Power Plant Energy Efficiency and Land Use Requirements, Iran

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su131810213 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 10213

Author(s):

Amirhossein Fathi ◽

Masoomeh Bararzadeh Ledari ◽

Yadollah Saboohi

Keyword(s):

Power Plant ◽

Solar Radiation ◽

Solar Energy ◽

Orientation Angle ◽

Optimum Operating ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Optimum Time ◽

Equal Time ◽

Geographical Regions

The paper studies the optimum panel horizontal orientation angle toward the Sun and the optimum time interval of the panel’s movement. The optimum time intervals or panel movement can change the rate of input energy to the panel surface in Iran. For this purpose, a neural network has been trained to estimate the intensity of solar radiation in Iran. After model validation, the intensity of solar radiation has been estimated by selecting adequate geographical regions. Based on the intensity of sunlight, Iran has been divided into ten regions. In these regions, 40 cities have been randomly selected to study the effect of the panel’s angle variations within appropriate time intervals, as well as equal time intervals. The results show that the choice of the mounting system with the possibility of five angles’ implementation can increase the amount of solar energy between 3.9% and 7.4%. Compared to this number of angles at the equal time intervals, the amount of incoming solar energy has increased by 3% to 7%. In the first and second cases, the area of the power plant increases by about 12% to 24% compared to the yearly optimum tilt angle. Moreover, the amount of radiation incoming to the panel with the optimum operating angle is in alignment with the results of PVsyst software.

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Weed Management and Cotton Yield under Two Row Spacings in Conventional and Conservation Tillage Systems Utilizing Conventional, Glufosinate-, and Glyphosate-based Weed Management Systems

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-10-00124.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (4) ◽

pp. 542-547 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J. S. Aulakh ◽

A. J. Price ◽

K. S. Balkcom

Keyword(s):

Weed Management ◽

Management System ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Conventional Tillage ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Management Systems ◽

Row Spacing ◽

Cotton Yield ◽

Tillage Systems ◽

Large Crabgrass

A field experiment was conducted during three cropping seasons to compare weed control and cotton yield provided by conventional (CV), glufosinate-resistant (LL), and glyphosate-resistant (RR) weed management systems under standard (102 cm) and narrow (38 cm) row spacing grown in conventional and conservation tillage systems. The conventional tillage and/or CV cotton received a PRE application of pendimethalin. The CV, LL, and RR cotton varieties received two POST applications of pyrithiobac, glufosinate, and glyphosate, respectively, at two- and four-leaf cotton growth stages. A final (LAYBY) application of trifloxysulfuron was applied to 38-cm row cotton while a LAYBY POST-directed spray of prometryn plus MSMA was used in 102-cm row cotton. The LL and RR weed management systems controlled at least 97% of large crabgrass, Palmer amaranth, sicklepod, and smallflower morningglory, while the CV system controlled 89, 73, and 87 to 98% of large crabgrass, smallflower morningglory, and Palmer amaranth, respectively. Sicklepod control increased from 85% in 102-cm rows to 95% in 38-cm rows in the CV herbicide system. Yellow nutsedge and pitted morningglory control exceeded 98% and was not affected by tillage, row spacing, or weed management system. Cotton yield was not affected by row spacing any year, by tillage in 2005, or by weed management system in 2004 and 2005. In 2006, yield in the RR weed management system was 27 and 24% higher than LL and CV weed management systems, respectively. In 2004, yield of conventional tillage cotton was 18% higher than conservation tillage cotton, but in 2006 the yield in conservation tillage was 12% higher than conventional tillage.

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Postemergence Control of Large Crabgrass and Goosegrass in Turf

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500062767 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 23 (5) ◽

pp. 404-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

B. J. Johnson

Keyword(s):

Cynodon Dactylon ◽

Time Interval ◽

Single Application ◽

Digitaria Sanguinalis ◽

Optimum Time ◽

Eleusine Indica ◽

Repeated Applications ◽

Dichlorophenoxy Acetic Acid ◽

Common Bermudagrass ◽

Large Crabgrass

Single and repeated applications of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) with and without 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid], metribuzin [4-amino-6-tert-butyl-3-(methylthio)-as-triazine-5(4H)one], and methazole [2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazolidine-3,5-di-one] were evaluated for control of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis L. Scop.) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica L. Gaertn.). Large crabgrass was controlled satisfactorily at Griffin in 1972 and 1973 with a single application of 1.7 kg/ha of MSMA, however, repeated applications were required for similar control at Griffin in 1974 and at Blairsville in 1973 and 1974. Repeated treatments at 0.6 kg/ha resulted in satisfactory large crabgrass control in only 2 of 3 years at Griffin and 1 of 3 experiments at Blairsville. The optimum time interval between the first and second MSMA treatments (average 1973 and 1974) was 12 days for the 1.1 kg/ha rate and anytime between 12 and 19 days for the 1.7 and 2.2 kg/ha rates. There was no advantage in large crabgrass control from treatments of methazole, metribuzin, or combinations of MSMA + 2,4-D when compared with MSMA. Single applications of 1.1 kg/ha of metribuzin or 2.2 kg/ha of methazole resulted in excellent goosegrass control without causing any permanent injury to common bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Repeated treatments of 3.3 kg/ha of MSMA were required to obtain satisfactory goosegrass control.

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Optimum time interval and frequency of glyphosate application for weed control in plantain (Musa sp.)

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v72i2.7850 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 72 (2) ◽

pp. 297-300

Author(s):

Lii-Chyuan Liu ◽

José Rodríguez-García

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Field Trial ◽

Musa Acuminata ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Optimum Time ◽

Yield Data ◽

Musa Sp ◽

Reduced Time

A field trial was conducted at the Corozal Substation, to determine the effect of two time intervals (6 and 12 weeks) and four frequencies (once, twice, three and four times) of glyphosate application on weed control, phytotoxicity and yield of plantain (Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana AAB) throughout a planting cycle. The effectiveness of glyphosate at 1% increased with reduced time interval and increased frequency of application. Plantain injury was more pronounced with increased time interval and increased number of applications. The maximum yields in terms of number and weight of fruits were obtained with three applications at a 6-week interval from planting onward. The lowest number and weight of fruits were obtained in the non-weeded check. On the basis of weed control, phytotoxicity and yield data, optimum time interval and frequency of glyphosate application during a planting-to-harvest cycle was three applications of glyphosate at 1% every 6 weeks.

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METABOLIC STUDIES WITH 131I-LABELED THYROXINE. II.

Acta Endocrinologica ◽

10.1530/acta.0.0440475 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 475-480 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Grinberg

Keyword(s):

Spinal Cord ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Optic Nerve ◽

Pituitary Gland ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Pituitary Glands ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Tentative Explanation

ABSTRACT Radiologically thyroidectomized female Swiss mice were injected intraperitoneally with 131I-labeled thyroxine (T4*), and were studied at time intervals of 30 minutes and 4, 28, 48 and 72 hours after injection, 10 mice for each time interval. The organs of the central nervous system and the pituitary glands were chromatographed, and likewise serum from the same animal. The chromatographic studies revealed a compound with the same mobility as 131I-labeled triiodothyronine in the organs of the CNS and in the pituitary gland, but this compound was not present in the serum. In most of the chromatographic studies, the peaks for I, T4 and T3 coincided with those for the standards. In several instances, however, such an exact coincidence was lacking. A tentative explanation for the presence of T3* in the pituitary gland following the injection of T4* is a deiodinating system in the pituitary gland or else the capacity of the pituitary gland to concentrate T3* formed in other organs. The presence of T3* is apparently a characteristic of most of the CNS (brain, midbrain, medulla and spinal cord); but in the case of the optic nerve, the compound is not present under the conditions of this study.

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Neural Network Approach for Global Solar Irradiance Prediction at Extremely Short-Time-Intervals Using Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041213 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1213

Author(s):

Ahmed Aljanad ◽

Nadia M. L. Tan ◽

Vassilios G. Agelidis ◽

Hussain Shareef

Keyword(s):

Neural Networks ◽

Particle Swarm Optimization ◽

Solar Irradiance ◽

Particle Swarm ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Swarm Optimization ◽

Backpropagation Neural Networks ◽

Proposed Model ◽

Short Time

Hourly global solar irradiance (GSR) data are required for sizing, planning, and modeling of solar photovoltaic farms. However, operating and controlling such farms exposed to varying environmental conditions, such as fast passing clouds, necessitates GSR data to be available for very short time intervals. Classical backpropagation neural networks do not perform satisfactorily when predicting parameters within short intervals. This paper proposes a hybrid backpropagation neural networks based on particle swarm optimization. The particle swarm algorithm is used as an optimization algorithm within the backpropagation neural networks to optimize the number of hidden layers and neurons used and its learning rate. The proposed model can be used as a reliable model in predicting changes in the solar irradiance during short time interval in tropical regions such as Malaysia and other regions. Actual global solar irradiance data of 5-s and 1-min intervals, recorded by weather stations, are applied to train and test the proposed algorithm. Moreover, to ensure the adaptability and robustness of the proposed technique, two different cases are evaluated using 1-day and 3-days profiles, for two different time intervals of 1-min and 5-s each. A set of statistical error indices have been introduced to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. From the results obtained, the 3-days profile’s performance evaluation of the BPNN-PSO are 1.7078 of RMSE, 0.7537 of MAE, 0.0292 of MSE, and 31.4348 of MAPE (%), at 5-s time interval, where the obtained results of 1-min interval are 0.6566 of RMSE, 0.2754 of MAE, 0.0043 of MSE, and 1.4732 of MAPE (%). The results revealed that proposed model outperformed the standalone backpropagation neural networks method in predicting global solar irradiance values for extremely short-time intervals. In addition to that, the proposed model exhibited high level of predictability compared to other existing models.

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Real-World Experience with Artificial Intelligence-Based Triage in Transferred Large Vessel Occlusion Stroke Patients

Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽

10.1159/000515320 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Jacob R. Morey ◽

Xiangnan Zhang ◽

Kurt A. Yaeger ◽

Emily Fiano ◽

Naoum Fares Marayati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Clinical Outcomes ◽

Warning System ◽

Large Vessel ◽

Time Interval ◽

Large Vessel Occlusion ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Vessel Occlusion ◽

Left Behind ◽

Stroke Center

Background and Purpose: Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated the importance of time to endovascular therapy (EVT) in clinical outcomes in large vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischemic stroke. Delays to treatment are particularly prevalent when patients require a transfer from hospitals without EVT capability onsite. A computer-aided triage system, Viz LVO, has the potential to streamline workflows. This platform includes an image viewer, a communication system, and an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm that automatically identifies suspected LVO strokes on CTA imaging and rapidly triggers alerts. We hypothesize that the Viz application will decrease time-to-treatment, leading to improved clinical outcomes. Methods: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database was assessed for patients who presented to a stroke center currently utilizing Viz LVO and underwent EVT following transfer for LVO stroke between July 2018 and March 2020. Time intervals and clinical outcomes were compared for 55 patients divided into pre- and post-Viz cohorts. Results: The median initial door-to-neuroendovascular team (NT) notification time interval was significantly faster (25.0 min [IQR = 12.0] vs. 40.0 min [IQR = 61.0]; p = 0.01) with less variation (p < 0.05) following Viz LVO implementation. The median initial door-to-skin puncture time interval was 25 min shorter in the post-Viz cohort, although this was not statistically significant (p = 0.15). Conclusions: Preliminary results have shown that Viz LVO implementation is associated with earlier, more consistent NT notification times. This application can serve as an early warning system and a failsafe to ensure that no LVO is left behind.

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Optimal Perturbations of an Oceanic Vortex Lens

Fluids ◽

10.3390/fluids3030063 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 63 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Thomas Meunier ◽

Claire Ménesguen ◽

Xavier Carton ◽

Sylvie Le Gentil ◽

Richard Schopp

Keyword(s):

Normal Mode ◽

Growth Rates ◽

Time Interval ◽

Time Intervals ◽

Horizontal Structure ◽

Azimuthal Wave ◽

Wave Numbers ◽

Non Linear ◽

Long Time ◽

Short Time

The stability properties of a vortex lens are studied in the quasi geostrophic (QG) framework using the generalized stability theory. Optimal perturbations are obtained using a tangent linear QG model and its adjoint. Their fine-scale spatial structures are studied in details. Growth rates of optimal perturbations are shown to be extremely sensitive to the time interval of optimization: The most unstable perturbations are found for time intervals of about 3 days, while the growth rates continuously decrease towards the most unstable normal mode, which is reached after about 170 days. The horizontal structure of the optimal perturbations consists of an intense counter-shear spiralling. It is also extremely sensitive to time interval: for short time intervals, the optimal perturbations are made of a broad spectrum of high azimuthal wave numbers. As the time interval increases, only low azimuthal wave numbers are found. The vertical structures of optimal perturbations exhibit strong layering associated with high vertical wave numbers whatever the time interval. However, the latter parameter plays an important role in the width of the vertical spectrum of the perturbation: short time interval perturbations have a narrow vertical spectrum while long time interval perturbations show a broad range of vertical scales. Optimal perturbations were set as initial perturbations of the vortex lens in a fully non linear QG model. It appears that for short time intervals, the perturbations decay after an initial transient growth, while for longer time intervals, the optimal perturbation keeps on growing, quickly leading to a non-linear regime or exciting lower azimuthal modes, consistent with normal mode instability. Very long time intervals simply behave like the most unstable normal mode. The possible impact of optimal perturbations on layering is also discussed.

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Herbicides for Postemergence Control of Annual Grass Weeds in Seedling Forage Grasses

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500072088 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 375-379 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Thomas J. Peters ◽

Russell S. Moomaw ◽

Alex R. Martin

Keyword(s):

Warm Season ◽

Big Bluestem ◽

Forage Grasses ◽

Annual Grass ◽

Cool Season ◽

Intermediate Wheatgrass ◽

Green Foxtail ◽

Annual Grasses ◽

Large Crabgrass ◽

Warm Season Grasses

The control of three summer annual grass weeds with herbicides during establishment of forage grasses was studied near Concord and Mead, NE, in 1984, 1985, and 1986. Three cool-season forage grasses, intermediate wheatgrass, tall fescue, and smooth bromegrass, and two warm-season grasses, big bluestem and switchgrass, were included. The control of three major summer annual grasses, green foxtail, barnyardgrass, and large crabgrass, was excellent with fenoxaprop at 0.22 kg ai/ha. Slight to moderate injury to cool-season forage grasses and severe injury to warm-season grasses were evident. Sethoxydim at 0.22 kg ai/ha and haloxyfop at 0.11 kg ai/ha controlled green foxtail and large crabgrass, but not barnyardgrass. Sulfometuron-treated big bluestem and switchgrass plots had the best forage stand frequencies and yields and, at the rate used, sulfometuron satisfactorily controlled green foxtail but only marginally controlled barnyardgrass and large crabgrass.

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Fluridone and Encapsulated Acetochlor Reduce Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor Use in a Glufosinate-Based Palmer Amaranth Management Program for Cotton

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-16-00025.1 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 30 (4) ◽

pp. 838-847 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Lewis R. Braswell ◽

Charles W. Cahoon ◽

Alan C. York ◽

David L. Jordan ◽

Richard W. Seagroves

Keyword(s):

Field Experiment ◽

Conservation Tillage ◽

Oxidase Inhibitor ◽

Management Program ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Management Systems ◽

Cotton Yield ◽

Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Increasing Risk

Flumioxazin and fomesafen are commonly used to control glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth in cotton and other crops, thus increasing risk to select for Palmer amaranth biotypes resistant to protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO) inhibitors. A field experiment was conducted to determine the potential for fluridone and acetochlor to substitute for soil-applied PPO inhibitors in a Palmer amaranth management system with glufosinate applied twice POST and diuron plus MSMA POST-directed in conservation tillage cotton. Fluridone and flumioxazin applied preplant 23 to 34 d prior to planting were similarly effective. Fluridone and acetochlor plus diuron applied PRE controlled Palmer amaranth as well as fomesafen plus diuron PRE. All systems with preplant and PRE herbicides followed by glufosinate POST and diuron plus MSMA layby controlled Palmer amaranth well. Cotton yield did not differ among herbicide treatments. This research demonstrates that fluridone and acetochlor can substitute for soil-applied PPO-inhibiting herbicides in management systems for Palmer amaranth.

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