scholarly journals Misinformation and the Justification of Socially Undesirable Preferences

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Flynn ◽  
Yanna Krupnikov
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Test ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Black Candidate ◽  
Opposing Party ◽  
Minority Candidate ◽  
Corrective Information ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractAttempts to correct political misperceptions often fail. The dominant theoretical explanation for this failure comes from psychological research on motivated reasoning. We identify a novel source of motivated reasoning in response to corrective information: the justification of socially undesirable preferences. Further, we demonstrate that this motivation can, under certain conditions, overpower the motivation to maintain congruence. Our empirical test is a national survey experiment that asks participants to reconcile partisan motivations and the motivation to justify voting against a racial minority candidate. Consistent with our argument, racially prejudiced participants dismiss corrections when misinformation is essential to justify voting against a black candidate of their own party, but accept corrections about an otherwise identical candidate of the opposing party. These results provide new insight into the persistence of certain forms of political misinformation.

Interculturalism and the Acceptance of Minority Groups

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maykel Verkuyten ◽  
Kumar Yogeeswaran
Keyword(s):  
Minority Groups ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Positive Attitudes ◽  
Social Psychological Research ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Situational Effect

Abstract. Multiculturalism has been criticized and rejected by an increasing number of politicians, and social psychological research has shown that it can lead to outgroup stereotyping, essentialist thinking, and negative attitudes. Interculturalism has been proposed as an alternative diversity ideology, but there is almost no systematic empirical evidence about the impact of interculturalism on the acceptance of migrants and minority groups. Using data from a survey experiment conducted in the Netherlands, we examined the situational effect of promoting interculturalism on acceptance. The results show that for liberals, but not for conservatives, interculturalism leads to more positive attitudes toward immigrant-origin groups and increased willingness to engage in contact, relative to multiculturalism.

Budaya Literasi Kalangan Santri di Pondok Pesantren Al-Quranyy Az-Zayadiyy Surakarta

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Effaizah Syahidan
Keyword(s):  
School Environment ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
Boarding School ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Reading Interest ◽  
Insight Into

Research on literacy culture among santri puts forward survey-based research in which the results are the original results obtained for this study. Given the low reading interest that has been obtained for the Indonesian state, the results of this study specify the data that has been obtained in terms of literacy obtained. The students also need to know the literacy culture that is applied regardless of the activities in the Islamic Boarding School. Santri has several activities that can enhance the culture of literacy by the habit of reading the Qur'an which is a requirement in entering the boarding school environment. Santri is also prioritized in terms of reading yellow books to add insight into the religious life that has been composed by various famous scholars both from abroad and within the country. It is expected that by reading a lot of Al-Qur'an or various kinds of yellow books the discussion can improve the literacy culture in the Al-Qur'anyy Az-Zayadiyy Islamic Boarding School which can enhance the good name of the Islamic boarding school because of the influence of literacy culture to the outside world.Keywords: literacy culture, survey experiment, Islamic boarding schoolResearch on literacy culture among santri puts forward survey-based research in which the results are the original results obtained for this study. Given the low reading interest that has been obtained for the Indonesian state, the results of this study specify the data that has been obtained in terms of literacy obtained. The students also need to know the literacy culture that is applied regardless of the activities in the Islamic Boarding School. Santri has several activities that can enhance the culture of literacy by the habit of reading the Qur'an which is a requirement in entering the boarding school environment. Santri is also prioritized in terms of reading yellow books to add insight into the religious life that has been composed by various famous scholars both from abroad and within the country. It is expected that by reading a lot of Al-Qur'an or various kinds of yellow books the discussion can improve the literacy culture in the Al-Qur'anyy Az-Zayadiyy Islamic Boarding School which can enhance the good name of the Islamic boarding school because of the influence of literacy culture to the outside world.Keywords: literacy culture, survey experiment, Islamic boarding school

Sorting the File Drawer: A Typology for Describing Unpublished Studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 174569162097983
Author(s):  
David A. Lishner
Keyword(s):  
Decision Process ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Psychology Research ◽  
Research Dissemination ◽  
Unpublished Studies ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Publication Decision ◽  
Research Domains ◽  
File Drawer ◽  
Insight Into

A typology of unpublished studies is presented to describe various types of unpublished studies and the reasons for their nonpublication. Reasons for nonpublication are classified by whether they stem from an awareness of the study results (result-dependent reasons) or not (result-independent reasons) and whether the reasons affect the publication decisions of individual researchers or reviewers/editors. I argue that result-independent reasons for nonpublication are less likely to introduce motivated reasoning into the publication decision process than are result-dependent reasons. I also argue that some reasons for nonpublication would produce beneficial as opposed to problematic publication bias. The typology of unpublished studies provides a descriptive scheme that can facilitate understanding of the population of study results across the field of psychology, within subdisciplines of psychology, or within specific psychology research domains. The typology also offers insight into different publication biases and research-dissemination practices and can guide individual researchers in organizing their own file drawers of unpublished studies.

scholarly journals Correcting Citizens’ Misperceptions about non-Western Immigrants: Corrective Information, Interpretations, and Policy Opinions

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederik Juhl Jørgensen ◽  
Mathias Osmundsen
Keyword(s):  
Immigration Policy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Total Population ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Correct Information ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Large Scale Survey ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Information Change ◽  
Corrective Information

Abstract Can corrective information change citizens’ misperceptions about immigrants and subsequently lead to favorable immigration opinions? While prior studies from the USA document how corrections about the size of minority populations fail to change citizens’ immigration-related opinions, they do not examine how other facts that speak to immigrants’ cultural or economic dependency rates can influence immigration policy opinions. To extend earlier work, we conducted a large-scale survey experiment fielded to a nationally representative sample of Danes. We randomly expose participants to information about non-Western immigrants’ (1) welfare dependency rate, (2) crime rate, and (3) proportion of the total population. We find that participants update their factual beliefs in light of correct information, but reinterpret the information in a highly selective fashion, ultimately failing to change their policy preferences.

Dilemmas of Distrust: Conspiracy Beliefs, Elite Rhetoric, and Motivated Reasoning

2021 ◽  
pp. 106591292110345
Author(s):  
Scott Radnitz
Keyword(s):  
Relative Weight ◽  
State Level ◽  
Motivated Reasoning ◽  
Political Rhetoric ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Conspiracy Theories ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
The Individual

Conspiracy theories are playing an increasingly prominent role worldwide in both political rhetoric and popular belief. Previous research has emphasized the individual-level factors behind conspiracy belief but paid less attention to the role of elite framing, while focusing mostly on domestic political contexts. This study assesses the relative weight of official conspiracy claims and motivated biases in producing conspiracy beliefs, in two countries where identities other than partisanship are salient: Georgia and Kazakhstan. I report the results of a survey experiment that depicts a possible conspiracy and varies the content of official claims and relevant contextual details. The results show that motivated reasoning stemming from state-level geopolitical identities is strongly associated with higher conspiracy belief, whereas official claims have little effect on people’s perceptions of conspiracy. Respondents who exhibit higher conspiracy ideation are more likely to perceive a conspiracy but do not weight motivated biases or official claims differently from people with lower conspiratorial predispositions. The findings indicate the importance of (geopolitical) identities in shaping conspiracy beliefs and highlight some of the constraints facing elites who seek to benefit from the use of conspiracy claims.

Misperceptions of Chinese Investments in Canada and Their Correction: Evidence from a Survey Experiment

2019 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojun Li ◽  
Yingqiu Kuang ◽  
Linting Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Direct Investment ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Chinese Investment ◽  
Corrective Information ◽  
Business Ties ◽  
Public Opposition

AbstractForeign direct investment (FDI) from China has recently met with increasing public opposition in many host nations. Why does the public respond less favourably to Chinese FDI than to FDI from other countries? We explore this question by conducting a series of survey experiments in Canada, where the majority of the public holds a negative opinion of Chinese investment. We find that the bias can be attributed to innumeracy about the relative size of China's FDI and misinformation about investment rules that govern FDI projects in Canada. Correcting both misperceptions substantially reduces the bias of respondents against FDI projects from China. These results suggest that corrective information can lead to positive change in public attitudes, a finding that has important policy implications for Canadian leaders hoping to expand the country's business ties with China.

scholarly journals Broadening the Lens of Stereotype and Bias: Perspectives From Charm City

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 550-557 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sally D. Farley ◽  
Rebecca J. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Standard Operating Procedure ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Social Psychological ◽  
Organizational Research ◽  
Standard Operating ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Insight Into

In the focal article, Ruggs et al. (2016) outline the ways in which psychological theory and research can provide insight into the potential underlying processes behind recent conflict between law enforcement officials and the community. These incidents have led to national questions regarding the training and standard operating procedure of police, as well as society's beliefs about the prevalence of stereotyping. The authors identify how psychological research, and social psychological and industrial–organizational research in particular, can play a role in shaping these issues for organizational practices moving forward.

scholarly journals Framing Effect of Media Portrayal of Migrants to the European Union: A Survey Experiment in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Wenzel ◽  
Marta Żerkowska-Balas
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
News Coverage ◽  
Online Communication ◽  
Media Framing ◽  
Political Orientation ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Easy Issues

As a result of the rise of online communication and political divisions based on symbols, rather than structure (decrease in the importance of class-based voting), citizens are increasingly linked to news outlets that articulate and reinforce their views. The process is facilitated by the spontaneous processes of bottom–up communication that excludes, in an iterative process, people who express views that are inconsistent with the prevailing opinion. The emergence of “information verticals” is a significant influence on attitudes to some issues covered in political debate. These effects operate with regard to so-called easy issues, that is, those rooted in emotions and in the symbolic sphere. Our article is an empirical test of our hypotheses about the effects of media framing of “hard” and “easy” issues. We apply a survey experiment method to verify whether contact with news coverage has an effect on attitudes, taking into account the political orientation and cognitive skills of citizens. Our empirical analyses confirm that a hostile media framing of migration changes respondents’ attitudes no matter their level of cognitive engagement. The data come from Poland.

Partisan Alignment, Performance, and Citizen Approval of Political Actors

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 1345-1357
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Lyons ◽  
Susan M. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Performance Information ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Chief Executives ◽  
Political Actors ◽  
Broad Policy ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Insight Into

There is substantial evidence that citizen assessments of political actors and associated institutions are shaped by shared partisanship. However, much of this evidence comes from citizen evaluations of political actors who are policy generalists—officials elected with broad policy jurisdictions (e.g., chief executives and legislators). We suggest that citizen assessments of policy specialists—officials elected with relatively narrow policy jurisdictions (e.g., labor commissioners and education secretaries)—may be shaped to a lesser degree by shared partisan leanings than evaluations of policy generalists. Using a survey experiment, we find evidence that, among out-partisans, favorable performance information has a greater positive effect for specialists than generalists, highlighting one way in which shared partisanship may be less influential for evaluations of specialists. These results may help to provide insight into the diversity of partisanship we see across policy generalists and specialists within the same governments and have potential implications for accountability.

Methadone Treatment in Irish General Practice: Voices of Service Users

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 147-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Latham
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Methadone Maintenance ◽  
Methadone Treatment ◽  
Treatment Protocol ◽  
Phenomenological Approach ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Heroin Addiction ◽  
Service Users ◽  
General Practices ◽  
Insight Into

AbstractThis study sets out to make a meaningful and useful contribution to the discussion surrounding the treatment of heroin addiction in Ireland. The study took place in nine urban general practices in Dublin city. Twenty five service users were interviewed in-depth. A phenomenological approach drawing on the psychological research methods of Colazzi for data analysis informed this study. Four themes emerged from the data: Service users' the significance of methadone for the service user; service users' understanding of the Methadone Treatment Protocol and the experience of addiction and its effect on families.This paper reports on the experiences of service users receiving methadone treatment in urban general practice in Dublin and in so doing highlights the influence of the GP in supporting recovery. It explores the theme - Service User's Experience of attending general practice for methadone treatment. These accounts provide insight into the harm reduction policy of methadone maintenance and highlight how - from the service users' experience - the implementation is falling short.

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