Is Chemically Reactive Membrane Crystallization Faciliated by Heterogeneous Primary Nucleation? Comparison with Conventional Gas–Liquid Crystallization for Ammonium Bicarbonate Precipitation in a CO2–NH3–H2O System

A mouse monoclonal antibody was used to identify beaded aggregates found in guanidine extracts of human amnion as assemblies of fibrillin molecules. These aggregates were also shown to be a major component of extracellular matrix microfibrils. We further demonstrated that the periodicity of these aggregates can be increased when subjected to mechanical stress.Human amnion was extracted with guanidine and the extracted material purified using ion exchange and molecular sieve chromatography. A high molecular weight fraction was precipitated by dialyzing against dilute acetic acid. Part of the precipitate was suspended in 0.2 M ammonium bicarbonate buffer and rotary shadowed. A second portion was resuspended in culture medium containing antibody which recognizes matrix microfibrils, diluted 1:5 in ammonium bicarbonate and reacted for 120 minutes at room temperature. Antibody labeled precipitate was washed by repeated pelleting and resuspension in buffer and then incubated in Janssen GAM 5 nm gold conjugate for 60 minutes at room temperature.

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Temperature Dependent Green Synthesis of 3-Carboxycoumarins and 3,4-unsubstituted Coumarins

Current Organic Synthesis ◽

10.2174/1570179415666180924124134 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 130-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jack van Schijndel ◽

Dennis Molendijk ◽

Luiz Alberto Canalle ◽

Erik Theodorus Rump ◽

Jan Meuldijk

Keyword(s):

Knoevenagel Condensation ◽

Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽

Solvent Free ◽

Temperature Dependent ◽

Step Procedure ◽

Synthetic Routes ◽

High Yields ◽

Temperature Optima ◽

Solvent Free Synthesis ◽

Full Conversion

Aim and Objective: Because of the low abundance of 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins in plants combined with the complex purification process required, synthetic routes towards 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins are especially valuable. In the present work, we explore the possibilities of a solvent-free Green Knoevenagel condensation on various 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives and malonic acid without the use of toxic organocatalysts like pyridine and piperidine but only use ammonium bicarbonate as the catalyst. Materials and Methods: To investigate the scope of the Green Knoevenagel condensation for the synthesis of 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins, various 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde derivatives were screened as starting material in the optimized two-step procedure developed for 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. </P><P> Results: This study shows that the intramolecular esterification and the decarboxylation are in competition, but show different temperature optima. In order to suppress premature decarboxylation and maximize the yield of coumarin, a two-step procedure was adopted. The reaction mixture containing ammonium bicarbonate is initially kept at 90ºC for 1 hour. After completion of the cyclization, the temperature of the reaction mixture is increased to 140ºC for 2 hours. Following this protocol, coumarin could be isolated with a yield of 95%. Conclusion: A two-step procedure for the solvent-free synthesis of several 3,4-unsubstituted coumarins was developed using ammonium bicarbonate, resulting in high yields of the desired products. Moreover, this procedure has a low E-factor and is, therefore an environmental friendly reaction in line with the principles of Green Chemistry. It was shown that by initially capping the temperature at 90ºC, premature decarboxylation can be suppressed. After full conversion to the intermediate 3-carboxycoumarin, the temperature can be increased to 140ºC finalizing the reaction. Ammonium bicarbonate was shown to catalyze both the Green Knoevenagel condensation and the decarboxylation step.

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Sodium salt scaling in black liquor evaporators and the effects of the addition of tall oil brine

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal ◽

10.1515/npprj-2020-0081 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Erik Karlsson ◽

Anders Åkesjö

Keyword(s):

Sodium Carbonate ◽

Sodium Salt ◽

Black Liquor ◽

Sodium Sulphate ◽

Salt Solutions ◽

Tall Oil ◽

Sulphate Content ◽

Inhibition Effect ◽

Salt Scaling ◽

Primary Nucleation

AbstractSodium salt scaling, i. e. the formation of doubles salts comprised of sodium, carbonate and sulphate on the heat transfer surfaces, is a common problem that occurs during black liquor evaporation. In this study, experimental results are presented that provide new insights into the formation and composition of such scales and how they are influenced by the addition of tall oil brine. It was found that increased content of sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate in the black liquor increased scaling, while the ratio between carbonate and sulphate had a lesser influence than reported in other studies. Black liquor created loose clay-like scales comprised of aggregated crystals and black liquor, whereas salt solutions created hard mineral-like scales. The scales formed by both the black liquor and the salt solution showed a tendency to fall off during formation after primary nucleation. It was also found that both tall oil soap and alkalized tall oil brine could inhibit the formation of scales. The inhibition effect is stronger if adding the soap or brine just before scaling starts, but also depends on the amount added, the sodium carbonate and sodium sulphate content in the liquor as well as other factors.

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The Influence of Concentration and Temperature on the Membrane Resistance of Ion Exchange Membranes and the Levelised Cost of Hydrogen from Reverse Electrodialysis with Ammonium Bicarbonate

Membranes ◽

10.3390/membranes11020135 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 135

Author(s):

Yash Dharmendra Raka ◽

Robert Bock ◽

Håvard Karoliussen ◽

Øivind Wilhelmsen ◽

Odne Stokke Burheim

Keyword(s):

Ion Exchange ◽

Waste Heat ◽

Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽

Operating Efficiency ◽

Membrane Thickness ◽

Ion Exchange Membranes ◽

Reverse Electrodialysis ◽

Ohmic Resistance ◽

Production Of Hydrogen ◽

The Impact

The ohmic resistances of the anion and cation ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) that constitute a reverse electrodialysis system (RED) are of crucial importance for its performance. In this work, we study the influence of concentration (0.1 M, 0.5 M, 1 M and 2 M) of ammonium bicarbonate solutions on the ohmic resistances of ten commercial IEMs. We also studied the ohmic resistance at elevated temperature 313 K. Measurements have been performed with a direct two-electrode electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method. As the ohmic resistance of the IEMs depends linearly on the membrane thickness, we measured the impedance for three different layered thicknesses, and the results were normalised. To gauge the role of the membrane resistances in the use of RED for production of hydrogen by use of waste heat, we used a thermodynamic and an economic model to study the impact of the ohmic resistance of the IEMs on hydrogen production rate, waste heat required, thermochemical conversion efficiency and the levelised cost of hydrogen. The highest performance was achieved with a stack made of FAS30 and CSO Type IEMs, producing hydrogen at 8.48× 10−7 kg mmem−2s−1 with a waste heat requirement of 344 kWh kg−1 hydrogen. This yielded an operating efficiency of 9.7% and a levelised cost of 7.80 € kgH2−1.

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Solvent-Free Processing of Drug-Loaded Poly(ε-Caprolactone) Scaffolds with Tunable Macroporosity by Combination of Supercritical Foaming and Thermal Porogen Leaching

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13010159 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 159

Author(s):

Víctor Santos-Rosales ◽

Inés Ardao ◽

Leticia Goimil ◽

Jose Luis Gomez-Amoza ◽

Carlos A. García-González

Keyword(s):

Bone Repair ◽

Drug Loading ◽

Ammonium Bicarbonate ◽

Bone Diseases ◽

Solvent Free ◽

Bone Integration ◽

Bioactive Agents ◽

First Time ◽

Supercritical Foaming ◽

Foaming Technology

Demand of scaffolds for hard tissue repair increases due to a higher incidence of fractures related to accidents and bone-diseases that are linked to the ageing of the population. Namely, scaffolds loaded with bioactive agents can facilitate the bone repair by favoring the bone integration and avoiding post-grafting complications. Supercritical (sc-)foaming technology emerges as a unique solvent-free approach for the processing of drug-loadenu7d scaffolds at high incorporation yields. In this work, medicated poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) scaffolds were prepared by sc-foaming coupled with a leaching process to overcome problems of pore size tuning of the sc-foaming technique. The removal of the solid porogen (BA, ammonium bicarbonate) was carried out by a thermal leaching taking place at 37 °C and in the absence of solvents for the first time. Macroporous scaffolds with dual porosity (50–100 µm and 200–400 µm ranges) were obtained and with a porous structure directly dependent on the porogen content used. The processing of ketoprofen-loaded scaffolds using BA porogen resulted in drug loading yields close to 100% and influenced its release profile from the PCL matrix to a relevant clinical scenario. A novel solvent-free strategy has been set to integrate the incorporation of solid porogens in the sc-foaming of medicated scaffolds.

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Understanding the Salt-Dependent Outcome of Glycine Polymorphic Nucleation

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13020262 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 262

Author(s):

Guangjun Han ◽

Pui Shan Chow ◽

Reginald B. H. Tan

Keyword(s):

Rare Case ◽

Depth Data ◽

Data Analyses ◽

Primary Nucleation ◽

Bulk Solutions

The salt-dependent polymorphs of glycine crystals formed from bulk solutions have been a longstanding riddle. In this study, in order to shed fresh light, we studied the effects of seven common salts on primary nucleation of the metastable α-glycine and the stable γ-glycine. Our nucleation experiments and in-depth data analyses enabled us to reveal that (NH4)2SO4, NaCl and KNO3, in general, promote γ-glycine primary nucleation very significantly while simultaneously inhibiting α-glycine primary nucleation, thereby explaining why these three salts induce γ-glycine readily. In comparison, Ca(NO3)2 and MgSO4 also promote γ-glycine and inhibit α-glycine primary nucleation but not sufficiently to induce γ-glycine. More interestingly, Na2SO4 and K2SO4 promote not only γ-glycine but also α-glycine primary nucleation, which is unexpected and presents a rare case where a single additive promotes the nucleation of both polymorphs. As a result, the promoting effects of Na2SO4 and K2SO4 on γ-glycine do not enable γ-glycine nucleation to be more competitive than α-glycine nucleation, with γ-glycine failing to appear. These observations help us to better understand salt-governed glycine polymorphic selectivity.

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Curcumin Inhibits the Primary Nucleation of Amyloid-Beta Peptide: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Biomolecules ◽

10.3390/biom10091323 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (9) ◽

pp. 1323

Author(s):

Irini Doytchinova ◽

Mariyana Atanasova ◽

Evdokiya Salamanova ◽

Stefan Ivanov ◽

Ivan Dimitrov

Keyword(s):

Molecular Dynamics ◽

Hydrogen Bonds ◽

Amyloid Beta ◽

Amyloid Plaques ◽

Amyloid Beta Peptide ◽

Aβ Peptides ◽

Amyloid Peptides ◽

Primary Nucleation ◽

Beta Peptide ◽

Good Agreement

The amyloid plaques are a key hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Amyloidogenesis is a complex long-lasting multiphase process starting with the formation of nuclei of amyloid peptides: a process assigned as a primary nucleation. Curcumin (CU) is a well-known inhibitor of the aggregation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides. Even more, CU is able to disintegrate preformed Aβ firbils and amyloid plaques. Here, we simulate by molecular dynamics the primary nucleation process of 12 Aβ peptides and investigate the effects of CU on the process. We found that CU molecules intercalate among the Aβ chains and bind tightly to them by hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic, π–π, and cation–π interactions. In the presence of CU, the Aβ peptides form a primary nucleus of a bigger size. The peptide chains in the nucleus become less flexible and more disordered, and the number of non-native contacts and hydrogen bonds between them decreases. For comparison, the effects of the weaker Aβ inhibitor ferulic acid (FA) on the primary nucleation are also examined. Our study is in good agreement with the observation that taken regularly, CU is able to prevent or at least delay the onset of neurodegenerative disorders.

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