Impacts of Sediment Particle Grain Size and Mercury Speciation on Mercury Bioavailability Potential

This chapter examines, in detail, the Geoarchaeological methods for both predicting and interpreting sites subjected to anthropogenic activities and taphonomic processes specific to inundated contexts. Garrison and Hale show that sediment particle-size, grain-size, and point-count studies coupled with debitage/micro-debitage analyses isolate middens deposits from those of natural origin. Chemical, faunal (primarily vertebrate), and floral proxies for anthropogenic activities were lacking, but they related the nature on inundated sites in a marine environment. The authors discuss how sea-level rise is coupled with these factors.

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Links between bulk sediment particle size and magnetic grain-size: general observations and implications for Chinese loess studies

Sedimentology ◽

10.1111/j.1365-3091.2009.01071.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 56 (7) ◽

pp. 2091-2106 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

FRANK OLDFIELD ◽

QINGZHEN HAO ◽

JAN BLOEMENDAL ◽

ZOÃ‹ GIBBS-EGGAR ◽

SHIVA PATIL ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Grain Size ◽

Bulk Sediment ◽

Sediment Particle ◽

Chinese Loess ◽

Sediment Particle Size

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Effect of Shock Loading on the Microstructure of Uniloy 326

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100052535 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 32 ◽

pp. 504-505

Author(s):

K. P. Staudhammer ◽

L. E. Murr

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Shock Loading ◽

Current Investigation ◽

Two Phase ◽

05 C ◽

Shock Deformation ◽

Heat Treated

The effect of shock loading on a variety of steels has been reviewed recently by Leslie. It is generally observed that significant changes in microstructure and microhardness are produced by explosive shock deformation. While the effect of shock loading on austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, and pearlitic structures has been investigated, there have been no systematic studies of the shock-loading of microduplex structures.In the current investigation, the shock-loading response of millrolled and heat-treated Uniloy 326 (thickness 60 mil) having a residual grain size of 1 to 2μ before shock loading was studied. Uniloy 326 is a two phase (microduplex) alloy consisting of 30% austenite (γ) in a ferrite (α) matrix; with the composition.3% Ti, 1% Mn, .6% Si,.05% C, 6% Ni, 26% Cr, balance Fe.

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Aspects of microanalysis in a transmission electron microscope

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100109690 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 510-511

Author(s):

R. Sinclair ◽

B.E. Jacobson

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Electron Beam ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Chemical Analysis ◽

Transmission Electron Microscope ◽

Vapor Deposition ◽

Critical Currents ◽

X Ray ◽

Fine Grain ◽

Transmission Electron

INTRODUCTIONThe prospect of performing chemical analysis of thin specimens at any desired level of resolution is particularly appealing to the materials scientist. Commercial TEM-based systems are now available which virtually provide this capability. The purpose of this contribution is to illustrate its application to problems which would have been intractable until recently, pointing out some current limitations.X-RAY ANALYSISIn an attempt to fabricate superconducting materials with high critical currents and temperature, thin Nb3Sn films have been prepared by electron beam vapor deposition [1]. Fine-grain size material is desirable which may be achieved by codeposition with small amounts of Al2O3 . Figure 1 shows the STEM microstructure, with large (∽ 200 Å dia) voids present at the grain boundaries. Higher quality TEM micrographs (e.g. fig. 2) reveal the presence of small voids within the grains which are absent in pure Nb3Sn prepared under identical conditions. The X-ray spectrum from large (∽ lμ dia) or small (∽100 Ǻ dia) areas within the grains indicates only small amounts of A1 (fig.3).

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Novel magneto-optical recording materials: Bi-substituted garnet films

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100088191 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 776-777

Author(s):

Takao Suzuki ◽

Hossein Nuri

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Amorphous Film ◽

Nitrogen Atmosphere ◽

Optical Recording ◽

Garnet Film ◽

Media Noise ◽

Garnet Films ◽

Order Of Magnitude ◽

A New Technique ◽

A Current

For future high density magneto-optical recording materials, a Bi-substituted garnet film ((BiDy)3(FeGa)5O12) is an attractive candidate since it has strong magneto-optic effect at short wavelengths less than 600 nm. The signal in read back performance at 500 nm using a garnet film can be an order of magnitude higher than a current rare earth-transition metal amorphous film. However, the granularity and surface roughness of such crystalline garnet films are the key to control for minimizing media noise.We have demonstrated a new technique to fabricate a garnet film which has much smaller grain size and smoother surfaces than those annealed in a conventional oven. This method employs a high ramp-up rate annealing (Γ = 50 ~ 100 C/s) in nitrogen atmosphere. Fig.1 shows a typical microstruture of a Bi-susbtituted garnet film deposited by r.f. sputtering and then subsequently crystallized by a rapid thermal annealing technique at Γ = 50 C/s at 650 °C for 2 min. The structure is a single phase of garnet, and a grain size is about 300A.

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Structure of second phases in TiAl alloys containing Cr and B

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100087197 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 576-577

Author(s):

Ernest L. Hall ◽

Shyh-Chin Huang

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Second Phase ◽

Structure And Properties ◽

Tial Alloys ◽

Second Phases ◽

Interstitial Elements

Addition of interstitial elements to γ-TiAl alloys is currently being explored as a method for improving the properties of these alloys. Previous work in which a number of interstitial elements were studied showed that boron was particularly effective in refining the grain size in castings, and led to enhanced strength while maintaining reasonable ductility. Other investigators have shown that B in γ-TiAl alloys tends to promote the formation of TiB2 as a second phase. In this study, the microstructure of Bcontaining TiAl alloys was examined in detail in order to describe the mechanism by which B alters the structure and properties of these alloys.

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Interfacial studies in Nb3Sn superconductors

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100087264 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 49 ◽

pp. 590-591

Author(s):

Ernest L. Hall ◽

Lee E. Rumaner ◽

Mark G. Benz

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Grain Boundaries ◽

Flux Pinning ◽

Size Control ◽

High Magnetic Fields ◽

Type Ii ◽

Reaction Interface ◽

Liquid Diffusion ◽

Type Ii Superconductor ◽

Grain Size Control

The intermetallic compound Nb3Sn is a type-II superconductor of interest because it has high values of critical current density Jc in high magnetic fields. One method of forming this compound involves diffusion of Sn into Nb foil containing small amounts of Zr and O. In order to maintain high values of Jc, it is important to keep the grain size in the Nb3Sn as small as possible, since the grain boundaries act as flux-pinning sites. It has been known for many years that Zr and O were essential to grain size control in this process. In previous work, we have shown that (a) the Sn is transported to the Nb3Sn/Nb interface by liquid diffusion along grain boundaries; (b) the Zr and O form small ZrO2 particles in the Nb3Sn grains; and (c) many very small Nb3Sn grains nucleate from a single Nb grain at the reaction interface. In this paper we report the results of detailed studies of the Nb3Sn/Nb3Sn, Nb3Sn/Nb, and Nb3Sn/ZrO2 interfaces.

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The crystallization of thin-film ceramics

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100122095 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 338-339

Author(s):

J.M. Schwartz ◽

L.F. Francis ◽

L.D. Schmidt ◽

P.S. Schabes-Retchkiman

Keyword(s):

Thin Films ◽

Grain Size ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Processing Route ◽

Small Areas ◽

Ceramic Thin Films ◽

Complex Shapes ◽

Sol Gel Process ◽

Ceramic Precursors ◽

Crystalline Ceramic

Ceramic thin films and coatings are of interest for electrical, optical, magnetic and thermal barrier applications. Critical for improved properties in thin films is the development of specific microstructures during processing. To this end, the sol-gel method is advantageous as a versatile processing route. The sol-gel process involves depositing a solution containing metalorganic or colloidal ceramic precursors onto a substrate and heating the deposited layer to form a crystalline or non-crystalline ceramic coating. This route has several advantages, including the ability to create tailored microstructures and properties, to coat large or small areas, simple or complex shapes, and to more easily prepare multicomponent ceramics. Sol-gel derived coatings are amorphous in the as-deposited state and develop their crystalline structure and microstructure during heat-treatment. We are particularly interested in studying the amorphous to crystalline transformation, because many key features of the microstructure such as grain size and grain size distribution may be linked to this transformation.

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A TEM study of the influence of microstructure on the superplastic behavior of a U-5.8 wt.% Nb alloy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100144310 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 568-569

Author(s):

G. Mackiewicz Ludtka

Keyword(s):

Grain Size ◽

Heating Rate ◽

Phase Field ◽

Single Phase ◽

Superplastic Behavior ◽

Two Phase ◽

Single Phase Field

Historically, metals exhibit superplasticity only while forming in a two-phase field because a two-phase microstructure helps ensure a fine, stable grain size. In the U-5.8 Nb alloy, superplastici ty exists for up to 2 h in the single phase field (γ1) at 670°C. This is above the equilibrium monotectoid temperature of 647°C. Utilizing dilatometry, the superplastic (SP) U-5.8 Nb alloy requires superheating to 658°C to initiate the α+γ2 → γ1 transformation at a heating rate of 1.5°C/s. Hence, the U-5.8 Nb alloy exhibits an anomolous superplastic behavior.

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