Effect of Sand Bed Depth and Medium Age onEscherichia coliand Turbidity Removal in Biosand Filters

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 3402-3409 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie A. Napotnik ◽  
Derek Baker ◽  
Kristen L. Jellison
Keyword(s):  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Biosand Filters

scholarly journals Study on Optimization of Tungsten Ore Flotation Wastewater Treatment by Response Surface Method (RSM)

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 184
Author(s):  
Liping Zhang ◽  
Xiaofei Jiao ◽  
Shengnian Wu ◽  
Xuejing Song ◽  
Ruihan Yao
Keyword(s):  
Water Glass ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Good Accuracy ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Quadratic Equation ◽  
Equation Model ◽  
Residual Water ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Design Expert ◽  
Surface Method

A large amount of collectors, inhibitors and modifiers such as oleic acid, water glass and sodium carbonate are added to the flotation processing of tungsten ore, resulting in the difficulty of the suspended solids (SS) with the residual water glass settling down in the flotation wastewater. The removal efficiency of the suspended solids is low with commonly used reagents like polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and polyacrylamide (PAM). This paper innovatively applied calcium chloride (CaCl2) to treat flotation wastewater and optimized the dosage of CaCl2, PAM and the pH value. The experimental results showed that when the dosage of 595 mg/L CaCl2 was combined with 21 mg/L PAM at pH 12, the turbidity removal ratio could reach 99.98%, and the residual turbidity of the supernatant was 0.23 NTU. The effluent could fully meet the requirements for reuse in industrial, urban miscellaneous and scenic environment water consumption (turbidity < 5 NTU). The quadratic equation model fitted with Design-Expert 8.0.6 software was constructed as Y = 91.52 + 8.68A + 1.11B − 1.02C − 1.7AB + 0.86AC + 0.06BC − 1.56A2 + 2.09B2 − 1.89C2, which had a good accuracy of the predicted responses versus the experimental data.

Rehabilitation of water treatment plants with operational constrains: a study on turbidity removal

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 549-556 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaveh Sookhak Lari ◽  
Morteza Kargar
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Term Effect ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Long Term Effect

High-rate lamella settlers in clarifiers and triple media filters have been implemented in Isfahan water treatment plant (known as ‘Baba-Sheikh-Ali’) in Iran to upgrade existing clarification/filtration processes during the recent years. The applied technologies are mainly used to reduce finished water turbidity as the primary regional criterion on water quality. However, application of both technologies faced some operational limitations since they began to work. These problems are due to the existing layout of the process units and available materials. The current study focuses on performance of restricted application of the two technologies with respect to turbidity removal. Online measured turbidity data from a two-year field observation (since March 2010) are used. In particular, results show a more promising and long-term effect on turbidity removal due to tripling filter media rather than application of the lamella settlers in clarifiers. The reasons for these observations are discussed.

scholarly journals Use of Aloe vera as an Organic Coagulant for Improving Drinking Water Quality

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 2024
Author(s):  
Abderrezzaq Benalia ◽  
Kerroum Derbal ◽  
Amel Khalfaoui ◽  
Raouf Bouchareb ◽  
Antonio Panico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Aloe Vera ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Maximum Turbidity ◽  
Optimal Ph

The coagulation–flocculation–sedimentation process is widely used for removal of suspended solids and water turbidity reduction. The most common coagulants used to conduct this process are aluminum sulfate and ferric sulfate. In this paper, the use of Aloe vera as a natural-based coagulant for drinking water treatment was tested. The bio-coagulant was used in two different forms: powder as well as liquid; the latter was extracted with distilled water used as a solvent. The obtained results showed that the use of the natural coagulant (Aloe vera) in both powder (AV-Powder) and liquid (AV-H2O) forms reduced the water turbidity at natural pH by 28.23% and 87.84%, respectively. Moreover, it was found that the use of the two previous forms of bio-coagulant for drinking water treatment had no significant influence on the following three parameters: pH, alkalinity, and hardness. The study of the effect of pH on the process performance using Aloe vera as a bio-coagulant demonstrated that the maximum turbidity removal efficiency accounted for 53.53% and 88.23% using AV-Powder and AV-H2O, respectively, at optimal pH 6.

Treatment of Textile Wastewater using Biodegradable Flocculants of Chitosan and Extracted Pandan Leaves

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Norzita Ngadi ◽  
Nor Aida Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Solvent Extraction ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Settling Time ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Test Experiment ◽  
Jar Test ◽  
Solvent Extraction Method ◽  
Flocculation Process

The study investigated the performance of chitosan and extracted pandan leaves towards treatment of textile wastewater by using flocculation process. Pandan leaves were extracted by using solvent extraction method. Flocculation process was conducted using a Jar test experiment. The effect of dosage, pH, and settling time on reduction of COD, turbidity and color of textile wastewater was studied. The results obtained found that chitosan was very effective for reduction of COD, turbidity, color and indicator for color. The best condition for COD and turbidity removal was achieved at 0.2 g dosage, pH 4 and 60 minutes of settling time. Under this condition, about 58 and 99% of COD and turbidity was removed, respectively. However, the results obtained using extracted pandan was opposite compared to the chitosan. Extracted pandan was not able to remove both COD and turbidity of the waste. 

A new indigenous green option for turbidity removal from aqueous system

2017 ◽  
Vol 186 ◽  
pp. 166-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.A. Oladoja ◽  
T.D. Saliu ◽  
I.A. Ololade ◽  
E.T. Anthony ◽  
G.A. Bello
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous System ◽  
Turbidity Removal

scholarly journals Karakterisasi Ekstrak Tapioka dan Tapioka Ionik sebagai Biokoagulan dalam Proses Pengolahan Air

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 165
Author(s):  
Eka Prihatinningtyas ◽  
Agus Jatnika Effendi
Keyword(s):  
Ion Exchange ◽  
Isoelectric Point ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Active Components ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Natural Coagulant ◽  
Coagulation Process ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Natural Coagulants ◽  
Artificial Water

ABSTRACTThe ability of tapioca to act as natural coagulants (biocoagulants) was tested using artificial water. As turbidity was added as kaolin. This research aimed to determine the compounds and or groups that act as natural coagulant and to describe the mechanism of flocculation: extraction which yields tapioca extract and ion exchange which yields ionic tapioca. Coagulation process was performed at three different initial turbidities, i.e. 50 NTU (low turbidities), 150 NTU (middle turbidities) and 300 NTU (high initial turbidites). At the same condition (coagulant dose 20 ppmv, pH 5), ionic tapioca yield better turbidity removal compared tapioca extract i.e 11.2% at low initial turbidites; 2.4% at middle initial turbidities and 12.8% at high initial turbidities. FTIR analysis  showed that tapioca extract and ionic tapioca contained of carboxyl, hydroxyl and amides groups which  can act as active components on coagulation process. The presence of those groups caused positive and negative charges (amphoter). Coagulation process ran efficiently at pH 5 because the isoelectric point is obtained at that condition.Keyword : bio coagulants, coagulation,  coagulant agents, ionic tapioca, tapioca extract,ABSTRAK Kemampuan tepung tapioka sebagai koagulan alami (biokoagulan) telah diuji dengan menggunakan limbah artifisial dari kaolin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan senyawa atau gugus yang berperan sebagai biokoagulan dan menjelaskan mekanisme flokulasi yang terjadi. Perlakuan awal tapioca sebelum digunakan sebagai koagulan adalah ekstraksi yang menghasilkan ekstrak tapioka  dan pertukaran ion  yang menghasilkan tapioka ionik. Proses koagulasi dilakukan pada 3 macam kekeruhan awal yaitu 50 NTU (kekeruhan rendah), 150 NTU (kekeruhan sedang) dan 300 NTU (kekeruhan tinggi). Pada kondisi operasi yang sama (dosis 20 ppmv dan pH 5), tapioka ionik memberikan efisiensi penurunan kekeruhan yang lebih tinggi, yaitu sebesar 11,0% pada kekeruhan awal 50 NTU; 2,4% pada kekeruhan awal 150 NTU dan 12,8% pada kekeruhan awal 300 NTU. Hasil analisa FTIR menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak tapioka dan tapioka ionik mempunyai gugus karboksil (-OH), gugus karboksil (-COOH) dan gugus amida (-CONH2). Keberadaan ketiga gugus tersebut menyebabkan biokoagulan ini memiliki muatan positif dan negatif sekaligus (amfoter). Proses koagulasi berjalan dengan efisien pada pH 5 karena titik isoelektrik diperoleh pada pH tersebut. Kata kunci : biokoagulan, koagulasi, agen koagulan, ekstrak tapioka, tapioka ionik

scholarly journals PRODUCTION AND STABILITY OF MYCO-FLOCCULANTS FROM LENTINUS SQUARROSULUS RWF5 AND SIMPLICILLIUM OBCLAVATUM RWF6 FOR REDUCTION OF WATER TURBIDITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-58
Author(s):  
Nessa X Jebun ◽  
Abdullah Al Mamun ◽  
Md. Zahangir Alam ◽  
Raha Ahmad Raus
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Culture ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Malt Extract ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Single Culture ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Wide Range

The production and stability of two novel myco-flocculants produced by river water fungus (RWF) were investigated. Screening tests were conducted to find suitable nutrients, pH, nutrient concentration, inoculum dose, and stability for two myco-flocculants L. squarrosulus (RWF5) and S. obclavatum (RWF6). The strains showed good flocculating activity in reducing turbidity of kaolin suspension while malt extract was used as nutrient source. Supernatants of RWF5 and RWF6 were able to reduce turbidity from 900±10 NTU to 46 NTU (95%) and 195 NTU (78%), respectively. In order to enhance the production, optimization of cultivation conditions were studied using a one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. L. squarrosulus (RWF5) reduced 96% of turbidity at optimum conditions, comprising of 0.1% (w/v) malt extract, 3% (v/v) inoculum dose, and initial pH 7.0 for 6 days. The results of the compatible mixed culture showed good flocculation activity at 88% compared to a single culture of S. obclavatum at 78%. On the other hand, L. squarrosulus showed better turbidity reduction in the single culture rather than the mixed culture. The stability of L. squarrosulus and S. obclavatum supernatants showed excellent turbidity reduction over a wide pH range of 4-8 with the maximal flocculation rate of 96% and 90%, respectively, at pH 7.0. They also exhibited high turbidity removal ability in a temperature range of 4 oC – 55 oC for 24h with a maximum turbidity removal rate of 96% (RW5) and 87% (RW6) at 25 oC. Time stability of the L. squarrosulus supernatant showed good turbidity removal potential at above 90% at room temperature (28± 2 oC) and 85% at low temperature (4 oC) for 12 days. The high flocculating rate of the myco-flocculants and their good stability under wide range of temperature indicated their potentiality as biodegradable flocculants for water and wastewater treatment industry. ABSTRAK: Keberhasilan dan kestabilan dua myco-gumpalan baharu oleh kulat air sungai (RWF) telah dikaji. Ujian penapisan telah dijalankan untuk mencari nutrien sesuai, pH, kepekatan nutrien, dos inokulum dan kestabilan dua myco-gumpalan L. squarrosulus (RWF5) dan S. obclavatum (RWF6). Rantaian menunjukkan aktiviti gumpalan yang baik dalam mengurangkan kekeruhan air sungai dengan penggantungan koalin di mana ekstrak malt telah digunakan sebagai sumber nutrien. Larutan supernatan RWF5 dan RWF6, masing-masing mampu mengurangkan kekeruhan dari 900±10 NTU kepada 46 NTU (95%) dan 195 NTU (78%). Bagi meningkatkan pengeluaran, keadaan optimum bagi menggalakkan hasil telah diselidiki menggunakan kaedah Satu Faktor pada Tiap Masa (OFAT). Pada takat optimum, L. squarrosulus (RWF5) mengurangkan 96% kekeruhan, ianya terdiri daripada ekstrak malt 0.1% (w/v), dos inokulum 3% (v/v) dan pH awal 7.0 selama 6 hari. Keputusan kultur campuran yang sesuai menunjukkan aktiviti penggumpalan yang baik pada 88% berbanding kultur sendirian S. obclavatum pada 78%. Pada waktu sama, L. squarrosulus menunjukkan pengurangan kekeruhan yang lebih baik dalam kultur sendirian berbanding kultur campuran. Kestabilan larutan supernatan L. squarrosulus dan S. obclavatum menunjukkan pengurangan kekeruhan yang sangat baik pada pH yang luas iaitu 4-8 dengan kadar maksimum kekeruhan pada 96% dan 90%, pada pH 7.0 masing-masing. Keduanya menunjukkan kebolehan penyingkiran kekeruhan yang tinggi pada skala suhu 4 oC – 55 oC selama 24 jam dengan kadar nyah kekeruhan maksimum pada 96% (RW5) dan 87% (RW6) pada suhu 25 oC. Kestabilan masa larutan supernatan L. Squarrosulus menunjukkan potensi penyingkiran kekeruhan terbaik atas 90% pada suhu bilik (28± 2 oC) dan 85% pada suhu rendah (4 oC) selama 12 hari. Kadar gumpalan yang tinggi oleh myro-gumpalan dan kestabilan yang baik pada julat suhu yang luas menunjukkan potensinya sebagai agen biodegradasi gumpalan kepada air dan industri rawatan loji air.

scholarly journals Effect of Cone-Plate Clarifier Structure Parameters on Flocculation Efficiency

Separations ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6
Author(s):  
Yulong Zhang ◽  
Peikun Liu ◽  
Linjing Xiao ◽  
Long Chang ◽  
Fangping Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Coal Mine ◽  
Mine Water ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Insertion Depth ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Plate Spacing ◽  
Coal Mine Water ◽  
Flocculation Effect

In this study, a coal mine water flocculation system was established. A series of flocculation tests were carried out at different structural parameters (cylinder height, cone-plate insertion depth and cone-plate spacing) to better investigate the effect of the cone-plate clarifier on coal mine water treatment performance. Sixteen sampling points were set up in the system for data monitoring to generate the required data. The cone-plate clarifier was divided into five zones for flocculation analysis. The increased cylinder height facilitated the flocculation of particles in the micro flocculation zone and the settling of particles in the settlement zone. The chemicals used are polyaluminum chloride (PACl), Fe3O4 and polyacrylamide (PAM), corresponding to doses of 60 mg/L, 40 mg/L and 6 mg/L, respectively. Insufficient insertion depth of the cone-plate will cause the small flocs that have not been fully flocculated to enter the exit pipe zone directly through the cone-plate, while too much insertion depth will cause the large floc in the settlement zone to re-enter the exit pipe zone. The flocculation effect of small flocs increased as the cone-plate spacing decreased, which is consistent with the shallow pool theory. When the cone plate spacing was too narrow, the amount of fluid was reduced and the increase in fluid velocity reduced the flocculation effect. Curve fitting was conducted for Suspended solids(SS) and turbidity removal efficiency under each structural parameter to derive the variation of SS and turbidity removal efficiency under different structural parameters. The regression models of SS and turbidity removal efficiency on the cylinder height, cone-plate insertion depth and cone-plate spacing were established based on the curve fitting results, and the regression models were verified to be well fitted based on the comparison of experimental results. Finally, the optimal values of SS and turbidity removal efficiency were found based on the regression model. The flow rate of the cone-plate clarifier is 0.6 m3/h. The SS removal efficiency reached 96.82% when the cylinder height was 708 mm, the cone-plate insertion depth was 367 mm and the cone-plate spacing was 26 mm. The turbidity removal efficiency reached 86.75% when the cylinder height was 709 mm, the cone-plate insertion depth was 369 mm and the cone-plate spacing was 26 mm.

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