Occurrence of Melamine and Its Derivatives in Breast Milk from the United States and Its Implications for Exposure in Infants

2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (13) ◽  
pp. 7859-7865 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongkai Zhu ◽  
Kurunthachalam Kannan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
The United States

scholarly journals Feeding the disparities: the geography and trends of breastfeeding in the United States

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Garnier ◽  
Ana I. Bento ◽  
Pejman Rohani ◽  
Saad B. Omer ◽  
Shweta Bansal
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Breastfeeding Rates

AbstractThere is scientific consensus on the importance of breastfeeding for the present and future health of newborns, in high- and low-income settings alike. In the United States, improving breast milk access is a public health priority but analysis of secular trends are largely lacking. Here, we used data from the National Immunization Survey of the CDC, collected between 2003 and 2016, to illustrate the temporal trends and the spatial heterogeneity in breastfeeding. We also considered the effect sizes of two key determinants of breastfeeding rates. We show that, while access to breast milk both at birth and at 6 months old has steadily increased over the past decade, large spatial disparities still remain at the state level. We also find that, since 2009, the proportion of households below the poverty level has become the strongest predictor of breastfeeding rates. We argue that, because variations in breastfeeding rates are associated with socio-economic factors, public health policies advocating for breastfeeding are still needed in particular in underserved communities. This is key to reducing longer term health disparities in the U.S., and more generally in high-income countries.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Artificial Feeding

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 804-804
Author(s):  
STANLEY A. PLOTKIN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Artificial Feeding ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Dr Halsey has brought to my attention that a sentence in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection control statement (AAP News, September 1988) and perinatal statement (Pediatrics 1988;82:941-944) might be misinterpreted as advocating artificial feeding for HP/-infected infants in developing countries. It was our intention to advocate the use of artificial feeding by HIV-infected mothers only in the United States and other developed countries where safe water and hygienic practices are the norm. In other countries, the advantages of breast milk outweigh the possible risk of transmission to the newborn.

scholarly journals Receipt of Breast Milk by Gestational Age – United States, 2017 (P11-060-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katelyn Chiang ◽  
Andrea Sharma ◽  
Jennifer Nelson ◽  
Christine Olson ◽  
Cria Perrine
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Infant Nutrition ◽  
Birth Certificate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Late Preterm ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Extremely Preterm

Abstract Objectives Breast milk is the optimal source of infant nutrition. For the nearly 1 in 10 infants born prematurely in the United States annually, breast milk is especially beneficial, helping prevent sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and promoting neurological development. Though the importance of breast milk for preterm infants has been established, national estimates of feeding practices by gestational age are unavailable. Our objective was to describe receipt of breast milk among preterm and term infants delivered in the United States in 2017. Methods Birth certificate data from 48 states and the District of Columbia (n = 3,194,873; 82.7% of all births) were analyzed to describe receipt of breast milk before birth certificate completion among extremely preterm (20-27 weeks), early preterm (28-33 weeks), late preterm (34-36 weeks) and term infants (≥ 37 weeks) with further stratification by maternal and infant characteristics. Results The prevalence of infants receiving breast milk was 83.9% overall and varied by gestational age: 71.3% (extremely preterm), 76.0% (early preterm), 77.3% (late preterm), and 84.6% (term). Disparities in receipt of breast milk by maternal race/ethnicity were noted across gestational ages. Infants delivered to black or American Indian/Alaska Native mothers were the least likely to have received breast milk while those delivered to white, Hispanic, and Asian mothers were more likely to have received breast milk. Differences in receipt of breast milk by other maternal sociodemographic factors also persisted similarly across gestational ages. Among late preterm and term infants, receipt of breast milk was lower for those admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) than those not admitted to the NICU. Conclusions Fewer preterm than term infants received breast milk in the first few days of life. Optimal hospital policies and practices that support breast milk feeding and ensure availability of donor milk for high-risk infants may help improve infant nutrition and reduce infant morbidity and mortality. Mothers of infants admitted to the NICU may need additional support given the challenges associated with having a medically fragile infant such as mother-infant separation and extended infant hospitalization. Funding Sources Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education.

Perfluorinated Compounds in Human Breast Milk from Several Asian Countries, and in Infant Formula and Dairy Milk from the United States

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (22) ◽  
pp. 8597-8602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Tao ◽  
Jing Ma ◽  
Tatsuya Kunisue ◽  
E. Laurence Libelo ◽  
Shinsuke Tanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
The United States ◽  
Perfluorinated Compounds ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Dairy Milk

scholarly journals Recommendations for Adopting the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes Into U.S. Policy

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 582-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Soldavini ◽  
Lindsey Smith Taillie
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Code ◽  
The World ◽  
Breast Milk Substitutes ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Health Organization

In 1981, the World Health Organization adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes ( International Code), with subsequent resolutions adopted since then. The International Code contributes to the safe and adequate provision of nutrition for infants by protecting and promoting breastfeeding and ensuring that human milk substitutes, when necessary, are used properly through adequate information and appropriate marketing and distribution. Despite the World Health Organization recommendations for all member nations to implement the International Code in its entirety, the United States has yet to take action to translate it into any national measures. In 2012, only 22.3% of infants in the United States met the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendation of at least 6 months of exclusive breastfeeding. Countries adopting legislation reflecting the provisions of the International Code have seen increases in breastfeeding rates. This article discusses recommendations for translating the International Code into U.S. policy. Adopting legislation that implements, monitors, and enforces the International Code in its entirety has the potential to contribute to increased rates of breastfeeding in the United States, which can lead to improved health outcomes in both infants and breastfeeding mothers.

scholarly journals Microbiome, Breastfeeding and Public Health Policy in the United States: The Case for Dietary Fiber

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117863881986959 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gamze Çavdar ◽  
Theresa Papich ◽  
Elizabeth P Ryan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Infant Health ◽  
Parental Leave ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
National Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dietary Recommendations

An emerging body of literature has highlighted the significance of breastmilk oligosaccharides and dietary fibers in complementary weaning foods for the development of the infant’s microbiome that has both short- and long-term health implications. This review highlights the newborns’ consumption of fiber and oligosaccharides as directly linked to the mother’s diet, and that current dietary recommendations for pregnant mothers in the United States and globally fall short in both addressing the importance of dietary fiber intake for enhancing mother’s health and establishing the developing infant microbiome. Although limited in data, there is suggestion for maternal dietary interventions to include healthy fibers as an effective means of promoting infant health via modification of breast milk composition. This paper argues that there is an urgent need for a two-fold national policy that addresses the significance of fiber in breastfeeding mothers’ diets and modifies the dietary recommendations accordingly, and provides a paid parental leave, which would enable mothers to not only breastfeed for at least six months, but to also effectively follow the dietary recommendations needed to support breast milk quality that is linked to their infants’ health.

Human Breast Milk Contamination in the United States and Canada by Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Insecticides and Industrial Pollutants: Current Status

1992 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 91-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. Calabrese
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Organochlorine Insecticide ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon ◽  
The Past

Widespread contamination of human breast milk with chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides has been repeatedly documented in population surveys in the United States and Canada over the past two decades. Unfortunately, it was not until the most recently published assessments that a strong effort has been made to apply proper biostatistical sampling methodologies to such surveys. This deficiency, along with frequent omission of information on variables known to affect the levels of such contaminants in breast milk, makes precise historical comparisons difficult. Given these uncertainties, it appears that organochlorine insecticide residues in human breast milk have not noticeably changed over the past two decades in the United States despite the regulatory restriction placed on several of these substances, such as DDT, since 1970. The surveys have revealed that total DDT levels continue to approach and exceed the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) level recommended by WHO. Perhaps of greatest concern is the ubiquitous contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) of breast milk, with levels of the upper 30% of the population being within a factor of 10 of those levels producing adverse health effects in humans and monkeys. The carcinogenic risk assessment for consumption of PCB-contaminated breast milk is also discussed.

Mothers' Milk Bank at the Delaware Hospital

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 468-468
Author(s):  
MARGARET L. HANDY
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Milk Bank ◽  
Cost Of Production ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Attending Physician

It has been called to our attention that the services of The Delaware Hospital Mothers' Milk Bank are not adequately publicized. For this reason we would like to mention a few salient facts about our milk bank. For sixteen years this milk bank has been supplying breast milk to all areas of the United States. During these years frozen breast milk has been sent as far as Califorina with excellent results. Upon request from the attending physician, breast milk is available for premature and allergic infants. Also, we have supplied large quantities of breast milk for research purposes. This milk is available at a cost of $.30 an ounce which meets the cost of production. However, in indigent cases the milk is provided free of charge.

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