The Dioxygenase-EncodingolsDGene fromBurkholderia cenocepaciaCauses the Hydroxylation of the Amide-Linked Fatty Acyl Moiety of Ornithine-Containing Membrane Lipids

Biochemistry ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (29) ◽  
pp. 6396-6408 ◽  
Author(s):  
Napoleón González-Silva ◽  
Isabel M. López-Lara ◽  
Rodrigo Reyes-Lamothe ◽  
Adrian M. Taylor ◽  
David Sumpton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Acyl Moiety ◽  
Fatty Acyl Moiety

The Catalysis of the 1,1-Proton Transfer by α-Methyl-acyl-CoA Racemase Is Coupled to a Movement of the Fatty Acyl Moiety Over a Hydrophobic, Methionine-rich Surface

2007 ◽  
Vol 367 (4) ◽  
pp. 1145-1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasenjit Bhaumik ◽  
Werner Schmitz ◽  
Antti Hassinen ◽  
J. Kalervo Hiltunen ◽  
Ernst Conzelmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Proton Transfer ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Acyl Moiety ◽  
Fatty Acyl Moiety

Phospholipid composition of several clinically relevant Corynebacterium species as determined by mass spectrometry: an unusual fatty acyl moiety is present in inositol-containing phospholipids of Corynebacterium urealyticum

Microbiology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 149 (7) ◽  
pp. 1675-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Genoveva Yagüe ◽  
Manuel Segovia ◽  
Pedro L. Valero-Guillén
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phospholipid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Data ◽  
Acyl Moiety ◽  
Fatty Acyl Moiety ◽  
Acyl Chains ◽  
Minor Phospholipid ◽  
Esi Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Corynebacterium Urealyticum

A comparative study on phospholipids of Corynebacterium amycolatum, Corynebacterium jeikeium and Corynebacterium urealyticum was carried out using fast-atom bombardment (FAB) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. Data obtained indicate the presence of acylphosphatidylglycerol (APG), diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylinositol (PI) and triacylphosphatidylinositol dimannosides (Ac3PIM2) in these bacteria. In general, octadecenoyl and hexadecanoyl fatty acyl moieties predominated in phospholipids of C. amycolatum, whereas high levels of hexadecenoyl were found in C. jeikeium and C. urealyticum. Mass spectra from purified APG and PG indicated that the sn-1 position of the glycerol was occupied by octadecenoyl in the three species studied. Notably, several major molecular species of PI and Ac3PIM2 from C. urealyticum contained significant amounts of a moiety identified as 10-methyleneoctadecanoyl, located at the sn-1 position of these molecules. On the other hand, multiantibiotic resistant and susceptible strains of C. amycolatum differed in several minor phospholipid fatty acids of 19 carbon atoms, identified as 10-methyloctadecenoic, 10-methyloctadecanoic (tuberculostearic acid) and 10-methyleneoctadecanoic. The results demonstrate an overall similarity among the phospholipids of the different species studied but also significant differences related to the acyl chains of the glycerol moiety of these compounds, notably the high levels of an unusual fatty acyl moiety in inositol-containing phospholipids of C. urealyticum.

Microstructural morphology of sphingolipid dispersions as investigated by freeze-fracture EM

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 944-945
Author(s):  
Vitthal S. Kulkarni ◽  
Wayne H. Anderson ◽  
Rhoderick E. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Freeze Fracture ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Fatty Acyl Moiety ◽  
Aqueous Dispersions ◽  
Head Groups ◽  
Lipid Species ◽  
Microstructural Morphology ◽  
Layer Chromatography

The biological significance of the sphingomyelins (SM) and monoglycosylated sphingolipids like galactosylceramides (GalCer) are well documented Our recent investigation showed tubular bilayers in the aqueous dispersions of N-nervonoyl GalCer [N-(24:lΔ15,cls) GalCer] (a major fatty acyl moiety of natural GalCer). To determine the influence of lipid head groups on the resulting mesophasic morphology, we investigated microstructural self-assemblies of N-nervonoyl-SM [N-(24:1 Δ15,cls) SM; the second most abundant sphingomyelin in mammalian cell membranes], 1- palmitoyl-2-nervonoyl phosphatidylcholine [PNPC] (the lipid species with the same acyl chain configuration as in N-(24: 1) GalCer) and also compared it with egg-SM by freeze-fracture EM.Procedures for synthesizing and purifying N-(24:1) GalCer, N-(24:1) SM, and PNPC have been reported . Egg-SM was purchased from Avanti Polar Lipids, Alabaster AL. All lipids were >99% pure as checked by thin layer chromatography. Lipid dispersions were prepared by hydrating dry lipid with phosphate buffer (pH 6.6) at 80-90°C (3-5 min), vigorously vortexing (1 min) and repeating this procedure for three times prior to three freeze-thaw cycles.

How do mechanosensitive channels sense membrane tension?

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 1019-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Osmotic Shock ◽  
Md Simulations ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Membrane Bilayer ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Conducting Path ◽  
Lipid Chain ◽  
Acyl Chains

Mechanosensitive (MS) channels provide protection against hypo-osmotic shock in bacteria whereas eukaryotic MS channels fulfil a multitude of important functions beside osmoregulation. Interactions with the membrane lipids are responsible for the sensing of mechanical force for most known MS channels. It emerged recently that not only prokaryotic, but also eukaryotic, MS channels are able to directly sense the tension in the membrane bilayer without any additional cofactor. If the membrane is solely viewed as a continuous medium with specific anisotropic physical properties, the sensitivity towards tension changes can be explained as result of the hydrophobic coupling between membrane and transmembrane (TM) regions of the channel. The increased cross-sectional area of the MS channel in the active conformation and elastic deformations of the membrane close to the channel have been described as important factors. However, recent studies suggest that molecular interactions of lipids with the channels could play an important role in mechanosensation. Pockets in between TM helices were identified in the MS channel of small conductance (MscS) and YnaI that are filled with lipids. Less lipids are present in the open state of MscS than the closed according to MD simulations. Thus it was suggested that exclusion of lipid fatty acyl chains from these pockets, as a consequence of increased tension, would trigger gating. Similarly, in the eukaryotic MS channel TRAAK it was found that a lipid chain blocks the conducting path in the closed state. The role of these specific lipid interactions in mechanosensation are highlighted in this review.

scholarly journals High resolution mass spectrometric analysis reveals that Giardia cysts are metabolically active and generates membrane lipids with long chain fatty acyl moieties

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameron Ellis ◽  
Brian Grajeda ◽  
Breanna Pence ◽  
Vanessa Enriquez ◽  
Igor Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
Spectrometric Analysis ◽  
High Resolution Mass ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Resolution Mass ◽  
Giardia Cysts

Fatty acylation is important but not essential for Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAS function

1987 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 2344-2351
Author(s):  
R J Deschenes ◽  
J R Broach
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Membrane Fraction ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Fatty Acyl Moiety ◽  
Fatty Acylation ◽  
Absolute Requirement

Two proteins in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are encoded by the genes RAS1 and RAS2 are structurally and functionally homologous to proteins of the mammalian ras oncogene family. We examined the role of fatty acylation in the maturation of yeast RAS2 protein by creating mutants in the putative palmitate addition site located at the carboxyl terminus of the protein. Two mutations, Cys-318 to an opal termination codon and Cys-319 to Ser-319, were created in vitro and substituted in the chromosome in place of the normal RAS2 allele. These changes resulted in a failure of RAS2 protein to be acylated with palmitate and a failure of RAS2 protein to be localized to a membrane fraction. The mutations yielded a Ras2- phenotype with respect to the ability of the resultant mutants to grow on nonfermentable carbon sources and to complement ras1- mutants. However, overexpression of the ras2Ser-319 product yielded a Ras+ phenotype without a corresponding association of the mutant protein with the membrane fraction. We conclude that the presence of a fatty acyl moiety is important for localizing RAS2 protein to the membrane where it is active but that the fatty acyl group is not an absolute requirement of RAS2 protein function.

scholarly journals Cellular Lipid Composition Affects Sensitivity of Plant Pathogens to Fengycin, an Antifungal Compound Produced by Bacillus subtilis Strain CU12

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (10) ◽  
pp. 1036-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cody Wise ◽  
Justin Falardeau ◽  
Ingrid Hagberg ◽  
Tyler J. Avis
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Acyl Chain ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Subtilis Strain ◽  
Antifungal Compound ◽  
Membrane Pore ◽  
Ergosterol Content

Fengycin is an antimicrobial cyclic lipopeptide produced by various Bacillus subtilis strains, including strain CU12. Direct effects of fengycin include membrane pore formation and efflux of cellular contents leading to cell death in sensitive microorganisms. In this study, four plant pathogens were studied in order to elucidate the role of membrane lipids in their relative sensitivity to fengycin. Inhibition of mycelial growth in these pathogens varied considerably. Analysis of membrane lipids in these microorganisms indicated that sensitivity correlated with low ergosterol content and shorter phospholipid fatty acyl chains. Sensitivity to fengycin also correlated with a lower anionic/zwitterionic phospholipid ratio. Our data suggest that decreased fluidity buffering capacity, as a result of low ergosterol content, and higher intrinsic fluidity afforded by short fatty acyl chain length may increase the sensitivity of microbial membranes to fengycin. Our results also suggest that lower content in anionic phospholipids may increase fengycin insertion into the membrane through reduced electrostatic repulsion with the negatively charged fengycin. The intrinsic membrane lipid composition may contribute, in part, to the observed level of antimicrobial activity of fengycin in various plant pathogens.

scholarly journals Leaf Lipid Alterations in Response to Heat Stress of Arabidopsis thaliana

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunitha Shiva ◽  
Thilani Samarakoon ◽  
Kaleb A. Lowe ◽  
Charles Roach ◽  
Hieu Sy Vu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Membrane Lipids ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Head Group ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Lipid Levels ◽  
Acyl Chains ◽  
Severe Heat Stress

In response to elevated temperatures, plants alter the activities of enzymes that affect lipid composition. While it has long been known that plant leaf membrane lipids become less unsaturated in response to heat, other changes, including polygalactosylation of galactolipids, head group acylation of galactolipids, increases in phosphatidic acid and triacylglycerols, and formation of sterol glucosides and acyl sterol glucosides, have been observed more recently. In this work, by measuring lipid levels with mass spectrometry, we confirm the previously observed changes in Arabidopsis thaliana leaf lipids under three heat stress regimens. Additionally, in response to heat, increased oxidation of the fatty acyl chains of leaf galactolipids, sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols, and phosphatidylglycerols, and incorporation of oxidized acyl chains into acylated monogalactosyldiacylglycerols are shown. We also observed increased levels of digalactosylmonoacylglycerols and monogalactosylmonoacylglycerols. The hypothesis that a defect in sterol glycosylation would adversely affect regrowth of plants after a severe heat stress regimen was tested, but differences between wild-type and sterol glycosylation-defective plants were not detected.

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