A healthy Diet rich in Carotenoids is effective in Maintaining normal Blood Carotenoid Levels during the Daily use of Plant Sterol-enriched Spreads

2002 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fady Y. Ntanios ◽  
Guus S. M. J. E. Duchateau
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Fatty Acid Esters ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering

Blood cholesterol levels are affected by diet and in particular by the type and amount of fat intake. In recent years, vegetable oil spreads containing plant sterols/stanols (as their fatty acid esters) have been developed. Numerous clinical trials on spreads with added plant sterols/stanols have shown that they have much greater cholesterol-lowering properties than conventional vegetable oil spreads. Plant sterols decrease both dietary and biliary cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, with a consequential increase in excretion of cholesterol. It is also recognized that plant sterol/stanol-enriched, cholesterol-lowering spreads, if consumed regularly, may induce a 10–20% decrease in plasma carotenoids, adjusted for changes in plasma lipids. A 10–20% decrease in plasma carotenoids falls well within the seasonal variation observed in individuals. Our current understanding of the physiological functions of carotenoids does not indicate any health risk associated with the slight decrease in their blood levels due to the intake of plant sterol/stanol. The questions that have been raised, though, are how plant sterols/stanols affect plasma carotenoid levels, and in addition, what quantity of fruits and vegetables (the richest dietary sources of carotenoids) would have to be consumed to improve plasma carotenoid levels? The current mini-review covers the cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols, their mechanisms of action and effect on blood carotenoids, and concludes with the potential heath benefits of daily intake of plant sterol-enriched spreads.

scholarly journals Cross-Sectional Study of Plant Sterols Intake as a Basis for Designing Appropriate Plant Sterol-Enriched Food in Indonesia

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 452
Author(s):  
Drajat Martianto ◽  
Atikah Bararah ◽  
Nuri Andarwulan ◽  
Dominika Średnicka-Tober
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Consumption Pattern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in many low-income and middle-income countries, including Indonesia, with elevated blood cholesterol level being one of significant risk factors for this condition. The problem should be addressed by combining healthy lifestyle and diet, where functional foods having a cholesterol-lowering activity could play a significant role. A group of compounds that had been proven to show cholesterol-lowering ability are plant sterols. To develop more suitable functional foods that could substantially contribute to hypercholesterolemia prevention in Indonesian population, up-to-date data about plant sterols dietary intake are required, and were not available until this research was done. This study aimed to estimate daily plant sterols intake and to determine the consumption pattern of foods containing plant sterols in rural and urban area of Bogor, West Java, Indonesia. The research was conducted with a cross-sectional design, with 200 respondents. The study revealed that the level of plant sterols intake in Bogor reached on average 229.76 mg/day and was not significantly different between urban and rural area. Cereals, vegetables, and fruit products were the main food sources of plant sterols in both areas. In addition, a list of several surveyed food items possible to be enriched with plant sterols was developed within the study. These results provide baseline data to develop functional foods fortified with plant sterols suitable for the Indonesian needs and taste. However, further studies are needed to confirm efficacy and safety of introducing such phytosterol-enriched products into a habitual diet, especially considering possible long-term side effects of plant sterol treatment.

The effect of plant stanol- and sterol-enriched foods on lipid metabolism, serum lipids and coronary heart disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Gylling ◽  
Tatu A Miettinen
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Sterol Esters ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering ◽  
Plant Stanol ◽  
Plant Stanol Esters

Phytosterols are plant sterols, mainly campesterol and sitosterol, and their respective stanols (5α-saturated derivatives), which chemically resemble cholesterol. They are present in a normal diet and are absorbed proportionally to cholesterol, but to a much lesser extent, such that less than 0.1% of serum sterols are plant sterols. Phytosterols inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption, and fat-soluble plant stanol esters were introduced as a functional food for lowering serum cholesterol in the early 1990s; plant sterol esters entered the market at the end of the 1990s. Inhibition of the intestinal absorption of cholesterol stimulates cholesterol synthesis, a factor which limits serum cholesterol lowering to about 10% with phytosterols. Enrichment of the diet with plant stanol esters reduces absorption and serum concentrations of both cholesterol and plant sterols, whereas enrichment of the diet with plant sterol esters, especially in combination with statins, lowers serum cholesterol but increases serum plant sterol levels. Recent studies have suggested that high-serum plant sterol levels may be associated with increased coincidence of coronary heart disease. Estimates of coronary heart disease reduction by 20-25% with plant sterols/stanols is based mainly on short-term studies. Long-term cholesterol lowering, needed for the prevention of coronary heart disease, may be successful with plant stanol esters, which lower serum cholesterol in both genders over at least a year.

Initial plasma plant sterol concentrations do not predict changes in plasma lipids and plant sterols following intake of a plant sterol‐enriched food

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrielle H Houweling ◽  
Catherine A Vanstone ◽  
Elke A Trautwein ◽  
Guus SMJE Duchateau ◽  
Peter JH Jones
Keyword(s):  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Initial Plasma ◽  
Plasma Plant

scholarly journals Spreads enriched with plant sterols, either esterified 4,4-dimethylsterols or free 4-desmethylsterols, and plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations

1999 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 273-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aafje Sierksma ◽  
Jan A. Weststrate ◽  
Gert W. Meijer
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Clinical Chemistry ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Induced Changes

In a 9-week study seventy-six healthy adult volunteers with an average age of 44 (sd11) years, with baseline plasma total cholesterol levels below 8 mmol/l, received in a balanced, double-blind, crossover design, a total of three different table spreads for personal use. Two spreads were fortified either with free (non-esterified) vegetable-oil sterols, mainly from soyabean oil (31 g sterol equivalents/kg; 0·8 g/d) or sheanut-oil sterols (133 g sterol equivalents/kg; 3·3 g/d). One spread was not fortified (control). Average intake of spread was 25 g/d for 3 weeks. None of the spreads induced changes in blood clinical chemistry or haematology. Plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol concentrations were statistically significantly reduced by 3·8% and 6% (both 0·19 mmol/l) respectively, for the spread enriched with free soyabean-oil sterols compared with the control spread. The spread enriched with sheanut-oil sterols did not lower plasma total- and LDL-cholesterol levels. None of the plant-sterol-enriched spreads affected plasma HDL-cholesterol concentrations. Plasma-lipid-standardized concentrations of α- plus β-carotene were not statistically significantly affected by the soyabean-oil sterol spread in contrast to lipid-standardized plasma lycopene levels which showed a statistically significant decrease (9·5%). These findings indicate that a daily intake of free soyabean-oil sterols as low as 0·8 g added to a spread is effective in lowering blood total- and LDL-cholesterol levels with limited effects on blood carotenoid levels. The lowering in total- and LDL-cholesterol blood levels due to consumption of the vegetable-oil-sterol-enriched spread may be helpful in reducing the risk of CHD for the population.

Effects of Plant Sterol and Stanol Consumption on Blood Pressure and Endothelial Function

2015 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 729-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sum Yu Pansy Yue ◽  
Todd C Rideout ◽  
Scott V Harding
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Endothelial Function ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Cardiometabolic Risk ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Mechanistic Studies ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Secondary Outcomes

Abstract The cholesterol lowering effects of plant sterols and stanols are a well-established complementary means by which to reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. The average reduction in LDL cholesterol concentrations is approximately –10% following a 28-day supplementation protocol. There is very little known regarding what, if any, effect plant sterols and stanols have on other cardiometabolic risk factors such as blood pressure and endothelial function. Here we review the available literature on this topic and attempt to draw conclusions regarding any benefit or risk for blood pressure and endothelial function linked to plant sterol and stanol supplementation. Generally there has been very little work focusing on changes in blood pressure or endothelial function following plant sterol or stanol intervention, but these factors have been measured in some cases as secondary outcomes. Overall, there is little evidence to support either positive or negative effects of plant sterol or stanol supplementation of blood pressure and the data surrounding endothelial function is quite inconclusive. This area of research would benefit from well controlled mechanistic studies in animals and primary interventions in humans which focus on ambulatory blood pressure, central blood pressure and endothelial function.

scholarly journals Simulation of prospective phytosterol intake in Germany by novel functional foods

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
pp. 377-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolin Kuhlmann ◽  
Oliver Lindtner ◽  
Almut Bauch ◽  
Guido Ritter ◽  
Brigitte Woerner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Food Applications ◽  
Food Market ◽  
Serving Size

A blood cholesterol-lowering margarine containing plant sterolesters was the first functional food placed on the European food market pursuant to the regulation (EC) 258/97. In the following years nine further applicants submitted the request to add plant sterol compounds to dairy products, cheeses, bakery products, sausages, plant oils and other products. The European Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) declared a precautionary intake limit of 3 g plant sterols per d by multiple dietary sources. Using the consumption data of the German National Food Consumption Study, carried out from 1985 to 1988 with 23 209 participants, we hypothetically added 0·3–2 g plant sterols to usual daily servings of ten different food products, selected from the novel food applications. We calculated the prospective plant sterol intake regarding each kind of enriched food and by stepwise accumulation of different functional foods in three enrichment scenarios. Within our enrichment context we find a phytosterol intake satiation, if multiple plant sterol-enriched foods are eaten. An enrichment amount of 2 g plant sterols per proposed food serving size results in an intake maximum of 13 g/d.

Efficacy of plant sterols in novel matrices on blood lipid profiles: medium-chain triglycerides and low-fat products consumed with or without a meal

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-539
Author(s):  
Iwona Rudkowska
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Medium Chain Triglycerides ◽  
Low Fat ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering ◽  
Medium Chain

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk can be lowered by introduction of plant sterols (PSs) to the diet, since PSs have been shown to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Given that the efficacy of PSs as cholesterol-lowering agents depends on their appropriate solubilization, the cholesterol-lowering efficacy of PSs in non-traditional matrices needs to be determined. The primary aim of this thesis was to examine the consumption of PSs (i) in an oil that is rich in medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) or (ii) low-fat yogurt with or without a meal, on changes in lipid parameters. Additional objectives were to assess the effects of MCTs with PSs on body composition and energetics, to compare the effects of PSs in a low-fat matrix consumed with or without a meal on cholesterol synthesis, to evaluate the risks of PSs in a low-fat matrix on blood levels of carotenoids and fat-soluble vitamins, and to investigate the relationship between the response to PSs, cholesterol kinetics, and genotyping. For this purpose, two randomized, controlled, crossover feeding trials were conducted. First, 23 overweight, hyperlipidemic men consumed PSs in MCTs or an olive oil control for 6 weeks each. In the second trial, 26 hyperlipidemic subjects consumed a placebo yogurt, a PS-enriched yogurt consumed with a meal, or afternoon PS-enriched yogurt as a snack for 4 weeks each. PSs, mixed within an MCT matrix, lowers plasma total cholesterol (TC) and LDL-C without changing the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. However, no changes in body composition or energetics were observed. Second, a PS-enriched low-fat yogurt as a snack lowered TC, along with a lowering trend in LDL-C, to a greater extent than when consumed with a meal without any risk of deficiency in fat-soluble antioxidants. An increase in cholesterol biosynthesis was also observed in both PS phases compared with the control phase. In addition, 3 subjects who were non-responsive to PS intervention and had higher cholesterol absorption rates were observed; however, no recognizable pattern of genetic polymorphism was detected. Overall, these novel matrices for PS incorporation consumed with or between meals may be an effective way of decreasing the risk of CVD; however, some individuals respond better to PS intervention.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary cholesterol and plant sterol consumption on plasma lipid responsiveness and cholesterol trafficking in healthy individuals

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. S. Alphonse ◽  
Vanu Ramprasath ◽  
Peter J. H. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Dietary Cholesterol ◽  
Plasma Lipid ◽  
Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Cholesterol Trafficking ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering ◽  
Dietary Sterols

AbstractDietary cholesterol and plant sterols differentially modulate cholesterol kinetics and circulating cholesterol. Understanding how healthy individuals with their inherent variabilities in cholesterol trafficking respond to such dietary sterols will aid in improving strategies for effective cholesterol lowering and alleviation of CVD risk. The objectives of this study were to assess plasma lipid responsiveness to dietary cholesterolv. plant sterol consumption, and to determine the response in rates of cholesterol absorption and synthesis to each sterol using stable isotope approaches in healthy individuals. A randomised, double-blinded, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial (n49) with three treatment phases of 4-week duration were conducted in a Manitoba Hutterite population. During each phase, participants consumed one of the three treatments as a milkshake containing 600 mg/d dietary cholesterol, 2 g/d plant sterols or a control after breakfast meal. Plasma lipid profile was determined and cholesterol absorption and synthesis were measured by oral administration of [3, 4-13C] cholesterol and2H-labelled water, respectively. Dietary cholesterol consumption increased total (0·16 (sem0·06) mmol/l,P=0·0179) and HDL-cholesterol (0·08 (sem0·03) mmol/l,P=0·0216) concentrations with no changes in cholesterol absorption or synthesis. Plant sterol consumption failed to reduce LDL-cholesterol concentrations despite showing a reduction (6 %,P=0·0004) in cholesterol absorption. An over-compensatory reciprocal increase in cholesterol synthesis (36 %,P=0·0026) corresponding to a small reduction in absorption was observed with plant sterol consumption, possibly resulting in reduced LDL-cholesterol lowering efficacy of plant sterols. These data suggest that inter-individual variability in cholesterol trafficking mechanisms may profoundly impact plasma lipid responses to dietary sterols in healthy individuals.

Targeting the Cholesterol Paradigm in the Risk Reduction for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Does the Mechanism of Action of Pharmacotherapy Matter for Clinical Outcomes?

2021 ◽  
pp. 107424842110236
Author(s):  
Ruihai Zhou ◽  
George A. Stouffer ◽  
Sidney C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Clinical Outcomes ◽  
Mechanism Of Action ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Blood Cholesterol ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Pcsk9 Inhibitors ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering ◽  
Cholesterol Levels

Hypercholesterolemia is a well-established risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has been labeled as “bad” cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) as “good” cholesterol. The prevailing hypothesis is that lowering blood cholesterol levels, especially LDL-C, reduces vascular deposition and retention of cholesterol or apolipoprotein B (apoB)-containing lipoproteins which are atherogenic. We review herein the clinical trial data on different pharmacological approaches to lowering blood cholesterol and propose that the mechanism of action of cholesterol lowering, as well as the amplitude of cholesterol reduction, are critically important in leading to improved clinical outcomes in ASCVD. The effects of bile acid sequestrants, fibrates, niacin, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, apolipoprotein A-I and HDL mimetics, apoB regulators, acyl coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors, cholesterol absorption inhibitors, statins, and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, among other strategies are reviewed. Clinical evidence supports that different classes of cholesterol lowering or lipoprotein regulating approaches yielded variable effects on ASCVD outcomes, especially in cardiovascular and all-cause mortality. Statins are the most widely used cholesterol lowering agents and have the best proven cardiovascular event and survival benefits. Manipulating cholesterol levels by specific targeting of apoproteins or lipoproteins has not yielded clinical benefit. Understanding why lowering LDL-C by different approaches varies in clinical outcomes of ASCVD, especially in survival benefit, may shed further light on our evolving understanding of how cholesterol and its carrier lipoproteins are involved in ASCVD and aid in developing effective pharmacological strategies to improve the clinical outcomes of ASCVD.

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