Validating a Test for Measuring Knowledge and Understanding of Economics Among University Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Zlatkin-Troitschanskaia ◽  
Judith Jitomirski ◽  
Roland Happ ◽  
Dimitri Molerov ◽  
Jasmin Schlax ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Economic Knowledge ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Knowledge Test ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental

Abstract. University students' knowledge and understanding of economics have mostly been investigated cross-sectionally; however, longitudinal analyses are needed to determine which factors influence knowledge development and to draw valid conclusions based on test results. In the WiWiKom II project, a quasi-experimental longitudinal study was conducted assessing bachelor students of business and economics over the course of their studies in Germany (N = 39 universities). In this project, running from 2016 – 2019, the test-takers complete the WiWiKom II-test of economic knowledge (adapted TUCE4G and TEL4G items) and a general cognitive ability test (BEFKI 11) at four measurement points, each one year apart. In this paper, we describe the validation of the test instrument based on the data from the first measurement (winter semester 2016/17). We compare students' results on the economic knowledge test and the general cognitive abilities test between first-year students of economic sciences (N = 3,710) and social sciences (N = 1,347) to determine the discriminant validity of the economic knowledge test. The findings from the confirmatory factor analyses presented here show that the items on general cognitive ability and economic knowledge are empirically separable. As expected, there were no differences in the factorial structure between the comparison groups (economic vs. social science students) at the beginning of their studies.

Associating emotions with Wagner’s music: A developmental perspective

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 752-760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo E. Andrade ◽  
Patrícia Vanzella ◽  
Olga V. C. A. Andrade ◽  
E. Glenn Schellenberg
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
Young Children ◽  
University Students ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Dimensional Space ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Music Training ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Musical Excerpts

Brazilian listeners ( N = 303) were asked to identify emotions conveyed in 1-min instrumental excerpts from Wagner’s operas. Participants included musically untrained 7- to 10-year-olds and university students in music (musicians) or science (nonmusicians). After hearing each of eight different excerpts, listeners made a forced-choice judgment about which of eight emotions best matched the excerpt. The excerpts and emotions were chosen so that two were in each of four quadrants in two-dimensional space as defined by arousal and valence. Listeners of all ages performed at above-chance levels, which means that complex, unfamiliar musical materials from a different century and culture are nevertheless meaningful for young children. In fact, children performed similarly to adult nonmusicians. There was age-related improvement among children, however, and adult musicians performed best of all. As in previous research that used simpler musical excerpts, effects due to age and music training were due primarily to improvements in selecting the appropriate valence. That is, even 10-year-olds with no music training were as likely as adult musicians to match a high- or low-arousal excerpt with a high- or low-arousal emotion, respectively. Performance was independent of general cognitive ability as measured by academic achievement but correlated positively with basic pitch-perception skills.

What Is IQ? Life Beyond “General Intelligence”

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristof Kovacs ◽  
Andrew R. A. Conway
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Latent Trait ◽  
Cognitive Activity ◽  
General Intelligence ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Standard View ◽  
Different Content ◽  
Recent Account

For more than a century, the standard view in the field of human intelligence has been that there is a “general intelligence” that permeates all human cognitive activity. This general cognitive ability is supposed to explain the positive manifold, the finding that intelligence tests with different content all correlate. Yet there is a lack of consensus regarding the psychological or neural basis of such an ability. A recent account, process-overlap theory, explains the positive manifold without proposing general intelligence. As a consequence of the theory, IQ is redefined as an emergent formative construct rather than a reflective latent trait. This implies that IQ should be interpreted as an index of specific cognitive abilities rather than the reflection of an underlying general cognitive ability.

scholarly journals An investigation of Social Class Inequalities in General Cognitive Ability in Two British Birth Cohorts

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roxanne Connelly ◽  
Vernon Gayle
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
British Cohort Study ◽  
Nationally Representative

The ‘Flynn effect’ describes the substantial and long-standing increase in average cognitive ability test scores, which has been observed in numerous psychological studies. Flynn makes an appeal for researchers to move beyond psychology’s standard disciplinary boundaries and to consider sociological contexts, in order to develop a more comprehensive understanding of cognitive inequalities. In this article we respond to this appeal and investigate social class inequalities in general cognitive ability test scores over time. We analyse data from the National Child Development Study (1958) and the British Cohort Study (1970). These two British birth cohorts are suitable nationally representative large-scale data resources for studying inequalities in general cognitive ability.We observe a large parental social class effect, net of parental education and gender in both cohorts. The overall finding is that large social class divisions in cognitive ability can be observed when children are still at primary school, and similar patterns are observed in each cohort. Notably, pupils with fathers at the lower end of the class structure are at a distinct disadvantage. This is a disturbing finding and it is especially important because cognitive ability is known to influence individuals later in the lifecourse.

scholarly journals PENINGKATAN KEMAMPUAN SISWA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN TORTOR NAPOSO NAULI BULUNG MELALUI STRATEGI TEKSTUAL DAN KONTEKSTUAL DI MADRASAH ALIYAH NEGERI SIBUHUAN KABUPATEN PADANG LAWAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Suheni Safitri Hsb ◽  
Nurwani Nurwani
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT This study aims to determine the ability of students in learning Tortor Naposo Nauli Bulung by using textual and contextual strategies in the Sibuhuan Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Padang Lawas Regency. The theory used in this research is theory The learning strategy by Rusman as the main theory, for supporting theories is textual use from Nurwani and contextual from Nurhadi. This type of research is quasi-experimental using simple random sampling technique, namely the experimental class using the contextual and contextual strategies in Tortor Naposo Nauli Bulung learning and control classes using conventional learning. The instruments used in this study were two, namely the cognitive ability test in the form of a test essay by using the cognitive domains C1, C2, C3, and C4. Psychomotor ability test which consists of three aspects of assessment, namely wiraga, wirasa, and wirama where each aspect consists of three components. The cognitive abilities of students in the experimental class and control class before using textual and contextual strategies are the same, by using the pre test the average value of the experimental class is 46.9 and the average in the control class is 45.5. After the post test, the ability of students in the experimental class who were treated with textual strategies and contextual learning in Tortor Naposo Nauli Bulung experienced a significant increase compared to the control class. Obtained an increase in student learning outcomes in the experimental class of 39.9 from 46.9 so as to achieve 86.8% completeness and for the control class at 9.8 from 45.5 to 55.3%. Psychomotor abilities of students also experienced improvement in each meeting, where the first meeting reached 61.90%, the second meeting reached 75.20% and the third meeting reached 86.92%. The results showed that there were significant differences using textual and contextual strategies for improving students' abilities in learning Tortor Naposo Nauli Bulung at Sibuhuan State Islamic Senior High School, Padang Lawas District. Keywords: Tortor naposo nauli bulung, bextual, contextual, cognitive, psychomotor, conventional   ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kemampuan siswa  dalam pembelajaran Tortor Naposo Nauli Bulungdengan menggunakan strategi tekstual dan kontekstual di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Sibuhuan Kabupaten Padang Lawas. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori Strategi pembelajaran oleh Rusman sebagai teori utama, untuk teori pendukung digunakan tekstual dari Nurwani dan kontekstual dari Nurhadi. Jenis penelitian adalah quasi eksperiment dengan menggunakan teknik simple random sampling, yaitu kelas eksperimen dengan menggunakan strategi terkstual dan kontekstual pada pembelajaran Tortor Naposo Nauli Bulung dan kelas kontrol dengan menggunakan pembelajaran konvensional. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ada dua yaitu tes kemampuan kognitif dalam bentuk essay test dengan mengguanakan ranah kognitif C1,C2,C3, dan C4. Tes kemampuan psikomotorik yang terdiri dari tiga aspek penilaian yaitu wiraga, wirasa, dan wirama dimana masing-masing aspek terdiri dari tiga komponen. Kemampuan kognitif siswa pada kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol sebelum dilaukan strategi tekstual dan kontekstual adalah sama, dengan menggunakan pre test diperoleh nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen sebesar 46,9 dan rata-rata pada kelas kontrol sebesar 45,5. Setelah dilakukan post test, kemampuan siswa pada kelas eksperimen yang diberi perlakukan strategi tekstual dan kotekstual pada pembelajaran Tortor Naposo Nauli Bulung mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan kelas kontrol. Diperoleh peningkatan hasil belajar siswa dikelas eksperimen sebesar 39,9 dari 46,9 sehingga mencapai ketuntasan 86,8 % dan untuk kelas kontrol sebesar 9,8 dari 45,5 sehingga menjadi 55,3%. Kemampuan psikomotorik siswa juga mengalami peningktan disetiap pertemuan, dimana pertemuan I mencapai 61,90%, pertemuan II mencapai 75,20% dan pertemuan III mencapai 86,92%. Hasil menunjukkan ada perbedaan yang signifikan dengan menggunakan strategi tekstual dan kontekstual terhadap peningkatan kemampuan siswa dalam pembelajaran Tortor Naposo Nauli Bulung di Madrasah Aliyah Negeri Sibuhuan Kabupaten Padang Lawas. Kata kunci: Tortor naposo nauli bulung, tekstual, kontekstual, kognitif, psikomotorik, konvenssional

scholarly journals Digital literacy and cognitive abilities of preservice physics teacher in physics for school course using LMS3: How are the both correlated?

2021 ◽  
Vol 2098 (1) ◽  
pp. 012011
Author(s):  
R Rizal ◽  
D Rusdiana ◽  
W Setiawan ◽  
E Surahman ◽  
I M Ridwan
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Digital Literacy ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Pearson Correlation ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Physics Teachers ◽  
Learning Success ◽  
Pearson Correlation Test

Abstract The Covid 19 pandemic that hit Indonesia demands the physics for school course to be conducted online using a Learning Management System Supported Smartphone (LMS3). By using this application, prospective physics teachers can practice their digital literacy and strengthen cognitive abilities. This study aims to determine the correlation between digital literacy and cognitive abilities, in general and by gender, which are trained through physics for school course using LMS3. The descriptive research was conducted with survey method and involving 20 students at a university in Tasikmalaya. They are five males and fifteen females spread 18-20 years old. The instruments used in this research were digital literacy test and cognitive ability test. Both have been validated by 5 experts and have high reliability. The collected data were analyzed statistically using the Kolmogorov Smirnov test and the Pearson correlation test. The results of the normality test obtained α = 0.636 which indicates that the data is normally distributed. The correlation coefficient r = 0.626 which indicates that digital literacy and cognitive ability are strong correlated. Based on the results the digital literacy of prospective physics teachers must be adequate to support learning success, one of which is shown by cognitive abilities.

A Quantitative Genetic Analysis of Cognitive Abilities during the Second Half of the Life Span

1992 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 346-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
N.L. Pedersen ◽  
R. Plomin ◽  
J.R. Nesselroade ◽  
G.E. McClearn
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Identical Twins ◽  
Early Age ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Perceptual Speed ◽  
Twin Design ◽  
Quantitative Genetic ◽  
Specific Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Cognitive Data

Little is known about the importance of genetic effects on individual differences in cognitive abilities late in life. We present the first report from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (SATSA) for cognitive data, including general cognitive ability and 13 tests of specific cognitive abilities. The adoption/twin design consists of identical twins separated at an early age and reared apart (46 pairs), identical twins reared together (67 pairs), fraternal twins reared apart (100 pairs), and fraternal twins reared together (89 pairs); average age was 65 years. Heritability of general cognitive ability in these twins was much higher (about 80%) than estimates typically found earlier in life (about 50%). Consistent with the literature, heritabilities of specific cognitive abilities were lower than the heritability of general cognitive ability but nonetheless substantial. Average heritabilities for verbal, spatial, perceptual speed, and memory tests were, respectively, 58%, 46%, 58%, and 38%.

scholarly journals Cortical Structure and Cognition in Infants and Toddlers

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 786-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica B Girault ◽  
Emil Cornea ◽  
Barbara D Goldman ◽  
Shaili C Jha ◽  
Veronica A Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Maternal Education ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Infants And Toddlers ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Cortical Structure ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Visual Reception

ABSTRACTCortical structure has been consistently related to cognitive abilities in children and adults, yet we know little about how the cortex develops to support emergent cognition in infancy and toddlerhood when cortical thickness (CT) and surface area (SA) are maturing rapidly. In this report, we assessed how regional and global measures of CT and SA in a sample (N = 487) of healthy neonates, 1-year-olds, and 2-year-olds related to motor, language, visual reception, and general cognitive ability. We report novel findings that thicker cortices at ages 1 and 2 and larger SA at birth, age 1, and age 2 confer a cognitive advantage in infancy and toddlerhood. While several expected brain–cognition relationships were observed, overlapping cortical regions were also implicated across cognitive domains, suggesting that infancy marks a period of plasticity and refinement in cortical structure to support burgeoning motor, language, and cognitive abilities. CT may be a particularly important morphological indicator of ability, but its impact on cognition is relatively weak when compared with gestational age and maternal education. Findings suggest that prenatal and early postnatal cortical developments are important for cognition in infants and toddlers but should be considered in relation to other child and demographic factors.

scholarly journals Analyse of the Relation between the Coloured Progressive Matrices Test and the Cognitive Abilities Test Form-6 in the Preschool Period of Gifted Children

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Ahmet Bildiren ◽  
Gozde Inal Kiziltepe
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Preschool Education ◽  
Gifted Children ◽  
Ability Test ◽  
Test Form ◽  
Preschool Period ◽  
Cognitive Abilities Test ◽  
Culture Independent

The diagnosis of preschool gifted children in Turkey has just come up in recent years. Therefore, there is a need for measurement tools that can be applied during the diagnosis phase of preschool gifted children. The aim of this study was to diagnose the relation between the non-verbal and culture-independent Colour Progressive Matrices Test that's frequently used in the international field during the preschool period and the Cognitive Ability Test Form-6, which is a group of tests that assess the cognitive abilities of children in different age groups including verbal, quantitative and nonverbal dimensions, and which is also used in the diagnosis of gifted children in the international arena, to contribute to the diagnosis of preschool gifted children. The sample of the study consisted of 125 children who attended nine preschool education institutions determined by the socio-economic level (low-middle-high) in the central district Efeler of the province Aydin. The mean age of the children is 4.9 and the standard deviation is .8. 49 of the children were girls (39.2%) and 76 were boys (60.8%). Colour Progressive Matrices Test and Cognitive Abilities Test Form-6 were implemented individually to the children. The study revealed that the tests had correlation, the verbal and quantitative dimensions of the Cognitive Abilities Test Form-6 were found to predict the nonverbal cognitive ability of the Coloured Progressive Matrices Test.

The Genetic and Environmental Relationship Between General and Specific Cognitive Abilities in Twins Age 80 and Older

1998 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen A. Petrill ◽  
Robert Plomin ◽  
Stig Berg ◽  
Boo Johansson ◽  
Nancy L. Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Speed Of Processing ◽  
Processing Abilities ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Performance Results ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Specific Cognitive Abilities

In the first twin study of the old-old, individuals 80 years old and older, we examined the relationship between general and specific cognitive abilities from a genetic perspective. That is, we examined the extent to which genetic and environmental factors influence major group factors of cognitive abilities, independent of general cognitive ability. As part of the OctoTwin project in Sweden, general and specific cognitive abilities were assessed in 52 monozygotic and 65 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs 80 years old and older using a battery of seven tests that assess verbal, spatial, speed-of-processing, and memory performance. Results suggest that genetic effects associated with general cognitive ability (g) account for the correlation between g and verbal, spatial, and speed-of-processing abilities. No genetic influences were found for these specific cognitive abilities separate from g. In contrast, memory ability appears to be more distinct genetically from g than are other cognitive abilities. Comparison with younger samples suggests that cognitive abilities relating to speed of processing may be genetically dedifferentiated in the old-old.

scholarly journals Physical frailty and decline in general and specific cognitive abilities: the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 108-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catharine Gale ◽  
Stuart J Ritchie ◽  
John M Starr ◽  
Ian J Deary
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Birth Cohort ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
General Cognitive Ability ◽  
Visuospatial Ability ◽  
Physical Frailty ◽  
Cognitive Domains ◽  
Memory Processing ◽  
Lothian Birth Cohort

BackgroundPhysical frailty is associated with many adverse outcomes including disability, chronic disease, hospitalisation, institutionalisation and death. It is unclear what impact it might have on the rate of normal cognitive ageing. We investigated whether physical frailty was related to initial level of, and change in, cognitive abilities from age 70 to 79 years.MethodParticipants were 950 members of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. Physical frailty was assessed at age 70 years using the Fried criteria. Cognitive function was assessed at ages 70, 73, 76 and 79 years. We used linear regression to examine cross-sectional and prospective associations between physical frailty status at age 70 years and factor score estimates for baseline level of and change in four cognitive domains (visuospatial ability, memory, processing speed and crystallised ability) and in general cognitive ability.ResultsPhysical frailty, but not prefrailty, was associated with lower baseline levels of visuospatial ability, memory, processing speed and general cognitive ability after control for age, sex, education, depressive symptoms, smoking and number of chronic illnesses. Physical frailty was associated with greater decline in each cognitive domain: age-adjusted and sex-adjusted standardised regression coefficients (95% CIs) were: −0.45 (−0.70 to –0.20) for visuospatial ability, −0.32 (−0.56 to –0.07) for memory, −0.47 (−0.72 to −0.22) for processing speed, −0.43 (−0.68 to –0.18) for crystallised ability and −0.45 (−0.70 to –0.21) for general cognitive ability. These associations were only slightly attenuated after additional control for other covariates.ConclusionPhysical frailty may be an important indicator of age-related decline across multiple cognitive domains.

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