A Multidimensional View of the Relationship Between Empathy and the Dark Triad

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Jonason ◽  
Christopher H. Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Multidimensional Measure ◽  
Empathy Deficits ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

The Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) are linked to individual differences in empathy, but what we know about these connections is limited to unidimensional or bidimensional conceptualizations of empathy and to English-speaking samples. Hence, we replicated and extended previous research by applying a multidimensional measure of empathy to the study of how empathy is linked to the Dark Triad in a German sample (N = 516). By doing so, we provided more detail about the way the Dark Triad traits are linked to individual differences in empathy in a unique sample. Narcissism was linked to empathy skills whereas psychopathy was linked to empathy deficits. The Dark Triad traits were stronger in men than in women, while women showed more empathic abilities. The sex differences in the Dark Triad traits were mediated by empathy. We also showed that the paths to empathy in the sexes differ in terms of quantity and quality. We discuss our results from an evolutionary perspective.

scholarly journals Who Is Impacted? Personality Predicts Individual Differences in Psychological Consequences of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Germany

2020 ◽  
pp. 194855062095257
Author(s):  
Nick Modersitzki ◽  
Le Vy Phan ◽  
Niclas Kuper ◽  
John F. Rauthmann
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Subjective Well Being ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Public Lives

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to changes in people’s private and public lives that are unprecedented in modern history. However, little is known about the differential psychological consequences of restrictions that have been imposed to fight the pandemic. In a large and diverse German sample ( N = 1,320), we examined how individual differences in psychological consequences of the pandemic (perceived restrictiveness of government-supported measures, global pandemic-related appraisals, subjective well-being) were associated with a broad set of faceted personality traits (Big Five, Honesty-Humility, Dark Triad). Facets of Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Openness were among the strongest and most important predictors of psychological outcomes, even after controlling for basic sociodemographic variables (gender, age). These findings suggest that psychological consequences of the pandemic depend on personality and thus add to the growing literature on the importance of considering individual differences in crisis situations.

Individual differences in the integration of information from context and word parts in interpreting unknown kanji words

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOSHIKO MORI
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Integration Strategy ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines individual differences in the ability to integrate information from word parts and context in interpreting novel kanji compounds (i.e., words consisting of two or more Chinese characters). To account for different approaches that students take to infer the meanings of unfamiliar words, the study also investigates the relationship between students' beliefs about the effectiveness of using kanji and/or contextual clues and their abilities to use the clue(s). A total of 74 English-speaking college students learning Japanese inferred the meanings of unknown compounds consisting of familiar characters under three conditions (words in isolation, contextual clues only, and both). The effects of the two sources appeared additive when examined across all participants. Further analysis, however, indicated that nearly half the students did not combine the two sources and overrelied on either kanji or contextual clues. The inability to integrate information and overreliance on kanji clues modestly but statistically significantly correlated with belief in the efficacy of an integration strategy. The combined effect of multiple sources of information, therefore, must be interpreted in terms of individual differences.

Basic Values and the Dark Triad Traits

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Jonason ◽  
Joshua D. Foster ◽  
Phillip S. Kavanagh ◽  
Valdiney V. Gouveia ◽  
Béla Birkás
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Life History ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Relationships ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Abstract Ideas

Abstract. In samples from America, Brazil, and Hungary (N = 937), we examined the associations between the Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) and individual differences in excitement (i.e., valuing personal enjoyment), promotion (i.e., valuing achievements), existence (i.e., valuing physical survival), suprapersonal (i.e., valuing abstract ideas), interactive (i.e., valuing social relationships), and normative (i.e., valuing cultural norms) values. The traits were associated with the values of excitement and promotion, psychopathy was associated with a diminished emphasis on existence, psychopathy and Machiavellianism were associated with limited interactive or normative values, whereas narcissism was associated with a greater emphasis on suprapersonal, interactive, and normative values. We also found that sex differences in psychopathy were mediated by individual differences in the existence and normative values. Results are discussed from a life history framework.

The Effect on Spelling Ability of Exposure to the Printed Word

1998 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-94
Author(s):  
Sharon Dougherty ◽  
Mark Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Word Knowledge ◽  
Print Exposure ◽  
Spelling Development ◽  
General Ability ◽  
Spelling Ability ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
The Relationship

The effect on spelling ability of exposure to print This study explores the contribution of print exposure to spelling achievement. The hypothesis that exposure to print accounts for individual differences in spelling ability was tested on 129 Year 7 female students from a predominantly non-English-speaking background. A multiple regression analysis was employed to determine the relationship between spelling and the predictor variables - exposure to print (TRT), phonological processing, comprehension level and general ability. The results indicated that phonological processing ability accounted for individual differences in spelling performance regardless of general ability. However, this specific student cohort appear to reflect stages in spelling development associated with word knowledge and reading experience. The analysis also indicated that other factors not addressed in this study are implicated.

Individual Differences in Risk Perception of Artificial Intelligence

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benno G. Wissing ◽  
Marc-André Reinhard
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Risk Perception ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Public ◽  
Probability Estimates ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. This cross-sectional study (N = 325) investigated the relationship between the Dark Triad personality traits and the perception of artificial intelligence (AI) risk. Narrow AI risk perception was measured based on recently identified perceived risks in the public. Artificial general intelligence (AGI) risk perception was operationalized in terms of plausibility ratings and subjective probability estimates on deceptive AI scenarios developed by Bostrom (2014) , in which AI-sided deception is described as a function of intelligence. Machiavellianism and psychopathy predicted narrow AI risk perception above the shared variance of the Dark Triad and above the Big Five. In individuals with self-reported knowledge of machine learning, the Dark Triad traits were associated with AGI risk perception. This study provides evidence for the existence of substantial individual differences in the risk perception of AI.

Engagement under revision: How Iranian scholars negotiate the arguability of their texts

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 135-162
Author(s):  
Mahmood Maniati ◽  
Alireza Jalilifar ◽  
Amir Mashhadi ◽  
Ali Hemmati
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Inadequate Knowledge ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Native English Speaking ◽  
Rhetorical Structures ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Grammatical Structures ◽  
Engagement System ◽  
The Way

Non-native English speaking (NNES) scholars face great hardship when they attempt to publish in English. Upon submitting their manuscripts to English-language journals, these scholars usually receive comments from the reviewers criticizing the rhetorical structures they adopt. One of these criticisms is concerned with how they manage the relationship between the author and the potential addressee; that is, the scholars’ expression of their attitude and the way they adjust the certainty of their claims and establish a relationship with their readers. This study attempted to examine how the acceptably revised manuscripts written by Iranian scholars differ from the originally submitted versions regarding the changes happening to the Engagement system of the texts. Findings showed Iranian scholars’ inadequate knowledge of the interpersonal weightings of the lexico-grammatical structures they used —hence giving undue credit to other researchers in the field— was mitigated by giving more space to the feature of distance citations, thereby failing to achieve a typically sound and rigorous argumentation.

The ‘Tectonic Sensibility’ in Architecture: From the Pre-Human to the Post-Human

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 350-367
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hale
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
Bodily Feeling ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Human Embodiment ◽  
Traditional Understanding ◽  
The Way

This paper argues for a new definition and a broader application of tectonic theory in architecture. It extends the traditional understanding of tectonics as a bodily feeling for the physical materiality of constructional elements, in order to form the basis of a more generalized notion of a bodily sensibility towards the ‘the way things are’. The discussion is informed by an evolutionary perspective on the relationship between technology and human embodiment, suggesting links between the ‘pre-human’ and the ‘post-human’. It offers a reassessment of an often overlooked but pivotal insight evident in the work of both André Leroi-Gourhan and Maurice Merleau-Ponty, that the human and the technological are mutually co-constitutive. It explores this notion in the light of recent research in archaeology, evolutionary, psychology, philosophy and neuroscience.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in Preventive Jealousy Determine Men's Jealousy after Subliminal Exposure to Rivals Wearing High- or Low-Status Clothes

2016 ◽  
Vol 118 (1) ◽  
pp. 219-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karlijn Massar ◽  
Abraham (Bram) P. Buunk
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
High Status ◽  
Subliminal Priming ◽  
Priming Paradigm ◽  
Threats To Self ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated sex differences in jealousy after subliminal exposure to rivals wearing high-status or low-status clothes. It was expected that individual differences in preventive jealousy would moderate the relationship between a rival's characteristics and jealousy. Participants (Men: n = 54, M age = 21.6 yr., SD = 3.5; women: n = 71, M age = 20.7 yr., SD = 1.9) completed a parafoveal subliminal priming paradigm as well as questionnaires about jealousy and preventive jealousy. As predicted, women were not affected by their rival's status, but women high in preventive jealousy reported more jealousy than women low in preventive jealousy. However, whereas men low in preventive jealousy reported equal amounts of jealousy after exposure to a high-status and a low-status rival, surprisingly, and contrary to the expectations, men high in preventive jealousy reported most jealousy after exposure to a low-status rival. To explain these unexpected results, threats to self-esteem were discussed.

The Need to Belong and the Relationship Between Loneliness and Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freda-Marie Hartung ◽  
Britta Renner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Health State ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
First Year University ◽  
Perceived Social Isolation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Humans are social animals; consequently, a lack of social ties affects individuals’ health negatively. However, the desire to belong differs between individuals, raising the question of whether individual differences in the need to belong moderate the impact of perceived social isolation on health. In the present study, 77 first-year university students rated their loneliness and health every 6 weeks for 18 weeks. Individual differences in the need to belong were found to moderate the relationship between loneliness and current health state. Specifically, lonely students with a high need to belong reported more days of illness than those with a low need to belong. In contrast, the strength of the need to belong had no effect on students who did not feel lonely. Thus, people who have a strong need to belong appear to suffer from loneliness and become ill more often, whereas people with a weak need to belong appear to stand loneliness better and are comparatively healthy. The study implies that social isolation does not impact all individuals identically; instead, the fit between the social situation and an individual’s need appears to be crucial for an individual’s functioning.

The Relationship of Compliance with Coping Strategies and Self-Esteem

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisli H. Gudjonsson ◽  
Jon Fridrik Sigurdsson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Coping Strategies ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Test Scores ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Stressful Situation ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Summary: The Gudjonsson Compliance Scale (GCS), the COPE Scale, and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale were administered to 212 men and 212 women. Multiple regression of the test scores showed that low self-esteem and denial coping were the best predictors of compliance in both men and women. Significant sex differences emerged on all three scales, with women having lower self-esteem than men, being more compliant, and using different coping strategies when confronted with a stressful situation. The sex difference in compliance was mediated by differences in self-esteem between men and women.

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