Individual differences in the integration of information from context and word parts in interpreting unknown kanji words

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
YOSHIKO MORI
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Integration Strategy ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Relationship

This study examines individual differences in the ability to integrate information from word parts and context in interpreting novel kanji compounds (i.e., words consisting of two or more Chinese characters). To account for different approaches that students take to infer the meanings of unfamiliar words, the study also investigates the relationship between students' beliefs about the effectiveness of using kanji and/or contextual clues and their abilities to use the clue(s). A total of 74 English-speaking college students learning Japanese inferred the meanings of unknown compounds consisting of familiar characters under three conditions (words in isolation, contextual clues only, and both). The effects of the two sources appeared additive when examined across all participants. Further analysis, however, indicated that nearly half the students did not combine the two sources and overrelied on either kanji or contextual clues. The inability to integrate information and overreliance on kanji clues modestly but statistically significantly correlated with belief in the efficacy of an integration strategy. The combined effect of multiple sources of information, therefore, must be interpreted in terms of individual differences.

Mode of Symbolic Representation and Cognitive Style

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 271-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott G. Isaksen ◽  
K. Brian Dorval ◽  
Geir Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Style ◽  
Symbolic Representation ◽  
General Level ◽  
Modes Of Representation ◽  
Level Of Use ◽  
Specific Prediction ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between imagery and creativity was examined using a prediction from the theories of symbolic representation developed by Morris and Hampson [1, 2] and Kaufmann [3–6]. One-hundred and fifty-four college students completed the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory on preferred styles of problem solving and Paivio's Individual Differences Questionnaire on preferred mode of symbolic representation. At a general level, results were in the expected direction for both theories by showing a significant relationship between innovative problem-solving preference and general level of use of conscious modes of symbolic representation. However, results also supported the more specific prediction from Kaufmann's theory that subjects with an innovative preference would have a relatively stronger preference for imaginal over verbal modes of representation.

Decision-making experiences of public library CEOs

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (8/9) ◽  
pp. 644-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl Stenstrom
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Public Library ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Interpersonal Influence ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore and describe the decision-making practices of public library managers in the context of interpersonal influence and evidence-based information sources, and to investigate the relationship between models of evidence-based practice and interpersonal influence in the decision-making process of public library managers. Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through short audio blog posts participants made about their everyday decisions and coded considering the facets of three existing evidence-based library and information practice (EBLIP) models as well as the facets of interpersonal influence. Findings – The findings show that public library CEOs decision-making behaviours reflect the use of a variety of practices from analytical to intuitive as is expected of managers in any sector; however, a stronger reliance on gathering objective information may be present than in other sectors. Seeking multiple sources of information and a tendency towards rationalism may indicate a more sophisticated approach to decision making, but be less indicative of the practices employed more broadly. A possible outcome of these tendencies may result in discordance with external partners and collaborators. Practical implications – The findings from this study may inform the work of associations, library and information science (LIS) educators, and library managers in developing strategic directions and instructional strategies within their organisations. It is also the first study to jointly examine models of interpersonal influence and evidence-based decision-making practices in any field. Originality/value – While the study of the decision-making practices of various groups is growing, little previous research has been conducted with public library managers, and none has been undertaken in Canada.

The Effect on Spelling Ability of Exposure to the Printed Word

1998 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-94
Author(s):  
Sharon Dougherty ◽  
Mark Clayton
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Phonological Processing ◽  
Word Knowledge ◽  
Print Exposure ◽  
Spelling Development ◽  
General Ability ◽  
Spelling Ability ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
Printed Word ◽  
The Relationship

The effect on spelling ability of exposure to print This study explores the contribution of print exposure to spelling achievement. The hypothesis that exposure to print accounts for individual differences in spelling ability was tested on 129 Year 7 female students from a predominantly non-English-speaking background. A multiple regression analysis was employed to determine the relationship between spelling and the predictor variables - exposure to print (TRT), phonological processing, comprehension level and general ability. The results indicated that phonological processing ability accounted for individual differences in spelling performance regardless of general ability. However, this specific student cohort appear to reflect stages in spelling development associated with word knowledge and reading experience. The analysis also indicated that other factors not addressed in this study are implicated.

A Multidimensional View of the Relationship Between Empathy and the Dark Triad

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 150-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter K. Jonason ◽  
Christopher H. Kroll
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Dark Triad ◽  
Evolutionary Perspective ◽  
German Sample ◽  
Multidimensional Measure ◽  
Empathy Deficits ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Way

The Dark Triad traits (i.e., narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism) are linked to individual differences in empathy, but what we know about these connections is limited to unidimensional or bidimensional conceptualizations of empathy and to English-speaking samples. Hence, we replicated and extended previous research by applying a multidimensional measure of empathy to the study of how empathy is linked to the Dark Triad in a German sample (N = 516). By doing so, we provided more detail about the way the Dark Triad traits are linked to individual differences in empathy in a unique sample. Narcissism was linked to empathy skills whereas psychopathy was linked to empathy deficits. The Dark Triad traits were stronger in men than in women, while women showed more empathic abilities. The sex differences in the Dark Triad traits were mediated by empathy. We also showed that the paths to empathy in the sexes differ in terms of quantity and quality. We discuss our results from an evolutionary perspective.

Individual Differences and Formal Operational Performance of College Students

1980 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 150-156
Author(s):  
Helen Adi ◽  
Stephen Pulos
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Individual Difference ◽  
Early College ◽  
Operational Performance ◽  
College Level ◽  
Specific Individual ◽  
The Relationship

Formal thought appears to be related to success in mathematics at the early college level (Carpenter, in press). However, several studies have indicated that high percentages of college students fail to manifest formal operational performance on the appropriate tasks (e.g., Adi, 1978; Chiapetta, 1976; Lawson, Nordland, & DeVito, 1975). To provide a possible explanation for such a failure, the relationship between formal operational performance and specific individual difference traits of college students was investigated.

scholarly journals Individual Differences in the Relationship Between Attachment and Nomophobia Among College Students: The Mediating Role of Mindfulness

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. e404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Arpaci ◽  
Mustafa Baloğlu ◽  
Hatice İrem Özteke Kozan ◽  
Şahin Kesici
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
The Relationship

The Need to Belong and the Relationship Between Loneliness and Health

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 194-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freda-Marie Hartung ◽  
Britta Renner
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
First Year ◽  
Health State ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
First Year University ◽  
Perceived Social Isolation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Humans are social animals; consequently, a lack of social ties affects individuals’ health negatively. However, the desire to belong differs between individuals, raising the question of whether individual differences in the need to belong moderate the impact of perceived social isolation on health. In the present study, 77 first-year university students rated their loneliness and health every 6 weeks for 18 weeks. Individual differences in the need to belong were found to moderate the relationship between loneliness and current health state. Specifically, lonely students with a high need to belong reported more days of illness than those with a low need to belong. In contrast, the strength of the need to belong had no effect on students who did not feel lonely. Thus, people who have a strong need to belong appear to suffer from loneliness and become ill more often, whereas people with a weak need to belong appear to stand loneliness better and are comparatively healthy. The study implies that social isolation does not impact all individuals identically; instead, the fit between the social situation and an individual’s need appears to be crucial for an individual’s functioning.

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