scholarly journals Testing Hypotheses About Binding in Context Memory With a Hierarchical Multinomial Modeling Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina R. Arnold ◽  
Daniel W. Heck ◽  
Arndt Bröder ◽  
Thorsten Meiser ◽  
C. Dennis Boywitt
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Feature Binding ◽  
Multinomial Model ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
Multinomial Modeling ◽  
Decisive Evidence ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Rule Out ◽  
Context Memory

Abstract. In experiments on multidimensional source memory, a stochastic dependency of source memory for different facets of an episode has been repeatedly demonstrated. This may suggest an integrated representation leading to mutual cuing in context retrieval. However, experiments involving a manipulated reinstatement of one source feature have often failed to affect retrieval of the other feature, suggesting unbound features or rather item-feature binding. The stochastic dependency found in former studies might be a spurious correlation due to aggregation across participants varying in memory strength. We test this artifact explanation by applying a hierarchical multinomial model. Observing stochastic dependency when accounting for interindividual differences would rule out the artifact explanation. A second goal is to elucidate the nature of feature binding: Contrasting encoding conditions with integrated feature judgments versus separate feature judgments are expected to induce different levels of stochastic dependency despite comparable overall source memory if integrated representations include feature-feature binding. The experiment replicated the finding of stochastic dependency and, thus, ruled out an artifact interpretation. However, we did not find different levels of stochastic dependency between conditions. Therefore, the current findings do not reveal decisive evidence to distinguish between the feature-feature binding and the item-context binding account.

scholarly journals Interindividual Differences in the Sensitivity for Consequences, Moral Norms, and Preferences for Inaction: Relating Basic Personality Traits to the CNI Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 46 (7) ◽  
pp. 1013-1026 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meike Kroneisen ◽  
Daniel W. Heck
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Moral Dilemma ◽  
Moral Judgments ◽  
Multinomial Model ◽  
Moral Norms ◽  
Moral Decision Making ◽  
Interindividual Differences ◽  
General Preference ◽  
High Emotionality ◽  
Measure Sensitivity

Research on moral decision making usually focuses on two ethical principles: the principle of utilitarianism (= morality of an action is determined by its consequences) and the principle of deontology (= morality of an action is valued according to the adherence to moral norms regardless of the consequences). Criticism on traditional moral dilemma research includes the reproach that consequences and norms are confounded in standard paradigms. As a remedy, a multinomial model (the CNI model) was developed to disentangle and measure sensitivity to consequences ( C), sensitivity to moral norms ( N), and general preference for inaction versus action ( I). In two studies, we examined the link of basic personality traits to moral judgments by fitting a hierarchical Bayesian version of the CNI model. As predicted, high Honesty–Humility was selectively associated with sensitivity for norms, whereas high Emotionality was selectively associated with sensitivity for consequences. However, Conscientiousness was not associated with a preference for inaction.

scholarly journals In Search of Recollection and Familiarity Signals in the Hippocampus

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter E. Wais ◽  
Larry R. Squire ◽  
John T. Wixted
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Recognition Memory ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Medial Temporal Lobe ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Similar Extent ◽  
High Confidence ◽  
Hippocampal Activity ◽  
Memory Experiment

fMRI studies of recognition memory have often been interpreted to mean that the hippocampus selectively subserves recollection and that adjacent regions selectively subserve familiarity. Yet, many of these studies have confounded recollection and familiarity with strong and weak memories. In a source memory experiment, we compared correct source judgments (which reflect recollection) and incorrect source judgments (often thought to reflect familiarity) while equating for old–new memory strength by including only high-confidence hits in the analysis. Hippocampal activity associated with both correct source judgments and incorrect source judgments exceeded the activity associated with forgotten items and did so to a similar extent. Further, hippocampal activity was greater for high-confidence old decisions relative to forgotten items even when source decisions were at chance. These results identify a recollection signal in the hippocampus and may identify a familiarity signal as well. Similar results were obtained in the parahippocampal gyrus. Unlike in the medial temporal lobe, activation in prefrontal cortex increased differentially in association with source recollection.

Positive and Negative Generation Effects in Source Monitoring

2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 1389-1405 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Riefer ◽  
Yuchin Chien ◽  
Jason F. Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
External Source ◽  
Reality Monitoring ◽  
Multinomial Model ◽  
Strong Response ◽  
Formal Modelling ◽  
Source Dimensions ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Source Of Information

Research is mixed as to whether self-generation improves memory for the source of information. We propose the hypothesis that positive generation effects (better source memory for self-generated information) occur in reality-monitoring paradigms, while negative generation effects (better source memory for externally presented information) tend to occur in external source-monitoring paradigms. This hypothesis was tested in an experiment in which participants read or generated words, followed by a memory test for the source of each word (read or generated) and the word's colour. Meiser and Bröder's (2002) multinomial model for crossed source dimensions was used to analyse the data, showing that source memory for generation (reality monitoring) was superior for the generated words, while source memory for word colour (external source monitoring) was superior for the read words. The model also revealed the influence of strong response biases in the data, demonstrating the usefulness of formal modelling when examining generation effects in source monitoring.

scholarly journals Fewer Constraints Enhance the Generation Effect for Source Memory in Younger, but not Older Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 168-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. McCurdy ◽  
Ryan C. Leach ◽  
Eric D. Leshikar
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Associative Memory ◽  
Source Memory ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Generation Effect ◽  
Relational Processing ◽  
Generation Task ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Constraint Generation ◽  
Context Memory

AbstractThe generation effect is the memory benefit for information that is self-generated compared to read. This effect is robust for both younger and older adults. Recent work with younger adults has shown that the generation effect for context memory (i.e., contextual details associated with an episode) can be increased when there are fewer rather than greater experimental constraints placed on what participants can generate. This increase in context memory is attributable to enhanced relational processing. Given older adults’ deficits in context memory the present study tested whether fewer generation constraints would similarly improve the generation effect for contextual details in older adults. In this study, we examined age differences in item and context (i.e., source and associative) memory across three different tasks comprising the encoding of cue-target pairs: a lower-constraint generation task (i.e., free response to cue, such as assist – ____), a higher-constraint generation task (i.e., solving an anagram, such as assist – hlpe), and a read task (i.e., simply reading the cue-target pair, such as assist – help). Both age groups showed improved item and context memory for materials studied during the generation tasks (both lower- and higher-constraint) compared to the read task. However, only younger adults showed increased source memory for lower-constraint compared to higher-constraint generation, whereas older adults showed equivalent source and associative memory for both lower- and higher-constraint generation tasks. These findings suggest both age groups benefit from self-generation, but older adults may benefit less from conditions that enhance relational processing (lower-constraint generation) in younger adults.

scholarly journals Indirect modulation of human visual memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stas Kozak ◽  
Noa Herz ◽  
Yair Bar-Haim ◽  
Nitzan Censor
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Visual Memory ◽  
Visual Context ◽  
Verbal Information ◽  
Memory Strength ◽  
Shared Resources ◽  
Word Memory ◽  
Picture Memory ◽  
Memory Modulation ◽  
Context Memory

AbstractConditions in which memories become maladaptive have inspired extensive research geared to modulate memory by targeting it directly and explicitly. Given limitations of direct memory modulation, we asked the following: can the target memories be modulated indirectly? To address this question, we uniquely targeted visual memories, and leveraged a paradigm utilizing instructions to either forget or remember newly encoded memories. We used a multi-domain approach, and applied the instructions to embedded verbal information presented during encoding (words), with the intention to indirectly modulate recognition of the target visual context memory itself (pictures). Accordingly, participants were presented with two lists of words, where each word was preceded and followed by pictures. Participants were instructed to either remember or forget the first list of words. As expected, the instruction to either remember or forget the words differentially influenced word memory strength. Importantly, the instruction regarding the words, indirectly modulated picture memory strength. Better memory for words resulted in reduced picture memory strength and vice versa, with the instruction to remember the words reducing picture memory strength. Together with a negative correlation between word and picture memory strength, the results suggest a competition for shared resources between memory for content and context. These findings may open new avenues to indirectly modulate maladaptive memories.

scholarly journals Neural overlap in item representations across episodes impairs context memory

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghootae Kim ◽  
Kenneth A. Norman ◽  
Nicholas B. Turk-Browne
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Pattern Similarity ◽  
Initial Item ◽  
Shared Component ◽  
Context Memory

AbstractWe frequently encounter the same item in different contexts, and when that happens, memories of earlier encounters can get reactivated in the brain. Here we examined how these existing memories are changed as a result of such reactivation. We hypothesized that when an item’s initial and subsequent neural representations overlap, this allows the initial item to become associated with novel contextual information, interfering with later retrieval of the initial context. That is, we predicted a negative relationship between representational similarity across repeated experiences of an item and subsequent source memory for the initial context. We tested this hypothesis in an fMRI study, in which objects were presented multiple times during different tasks. We measured the similarity of the neural patterns in lateral occipital cortex that were elicited by the first and second presentations of objects, and related this neural overlap score to source memory in a subsequent test. Consistent with our hypothesis, greater item-specific pattern similarity was linked to worse source memory for the initial task. Our findings suggest that the influence of novel experiences on an existing context memory depends on how reliably a shared component (i.e., same item) is represented across these episodes.

scholarly journals Results from a Spanish national survey on the application of ultrasound in pulmonology services

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Ramos-Hernández ◽  
Maribel Botana-Rial ◽  
Rosa Cordovilla-Pérez ◽  
Manuel Núñez-Delgado ◽  
Alberto Fernández-Villar
Keyword(s):  
Low Complexity ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Research Activity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Spanish Society ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Intermediate Complexity ◽  
National Analysis ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Rule Out

Abstract Background This was an observational, cross-sectional, and multicentre study carried out from October to December 2020, through a survey sent to Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery members in public hospitals with different levels of complexity. Our objective was to complete a national analysis of clinical practice, organisation, infrastructure, the services portfolio, teaching, and research activity related to ultrasound. Results Data from 104 hospitals were analysed. Ultrasound was used in 56.7% of cases, both in the area of bronchopleural techniques and on conventional wards, with no differences between centres. Lung ultrasound (LUS) was performed more often in the procedures area in intermediate-complexity centres compared to high- and low-complexity centres (36% vs. 31% and 6.25%, respectively). More high-complexity centres had three or more ultrasound scanners than intermediate-complexity centres (38% vs. 16%); 43% of low-complexity centres shared their ultrasound equipment with other specialties. Fewer than 6% of centres did not have an ultrasound machine. LUS was most often used during the treatment of pleural effusion (91.3%), in the differential diagnosis of dyspnoea (51.9%), and to rule out iatrogenic pneumothorax (50.9%). Only 5.7% of the centres had a pulmonologist specialised in LUS. Finally, fewer than 35% of the hospitals were teaching centres and fewer than 18% participated in research projects. Conclusions The use and availability of LUS has grown in pulmonology services, however, still relatively few pulmonologists are specialised in its use. Moreover, teaching and research activity in this field is scarce. Strategies are necessary to improve physicians’ skill at using LUS and to promote its use, with the ultimate goal of improving healthcare activity.

scholarly journals Gibt es Individuen?

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominik Perler
Keyword(s):  
Active Power ◽  
Close Attention ◽  
Real Existence ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Priority Monism ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Rule Out

AbstractDoes Spinoza accept finite individuals as really existing things? Or does he endorse the thesis that the substance is the only thing with real existence? This paper argues that his monism does not rule out the existence of individuals that have dependent, yet real existence. Spinoza defends a form of priority monism, taking the substance to be the foundation of all finite individuals, and thereby rejects existence monism. On his view, finite individuals are “power parts”: being founded in the substance, they have their active power from it. The paper argues for this thesis by analyzing Spinoza’s definition of parts. Moreover, it pays close attention to his functional individuation of parts that makes it possible to individuate different types of “power parts” at different levels.

Metacognitive Aspects of Source Monitoring

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice G. Kuhlmann ◽  
Ute J. Bayen
Keyword(s):  
Source Memory ◽  
Source Monitoring ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Metacognitive Control ◽  
Knowledge And Beliefs ◽  
Cognitive States ◽  
Monitoring Process ◽  
Multinomial Modeling ◽  
Encoding Strategies

Source monitoring involves attributing remembered information to a source, such as determining who told you something. Source-monitoring is a highly inferential process, involving the evaluation of memory for contextual features but also drawing onto more general knowledge and beliefs (Johnson, Hashtroudi, and Lindsay, 1993). After an introduction to the typical laboratory paradigm of source monitoring and the measurement of the cognitive states involved through multinomial modeling, we review research on metacognitive influences on this inferential source-monitoring process. We also consider means of metacognitive control over source encoding through encoding strategies. Moving on to metacognitive monitoring processes, we review research on predictions of later source memory (judgments of source) and on the monitoring of source-attribution accuracy at test. The chapter concludes with questions for future research.

scholarly journals Words can hurt: how political communication can change the pace of an epidemic

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Argentieri Mariani ◽  
Jessica Gagete-Miranda ◽  
Paula Rettl
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Political Leaders ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Health Measures ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Levels Of Support ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Rule Out

Compliance with mandated health measures has substantial effects on public health, particularly during epidemics. We analyze how political leaders influence such compliance by exploiting President Bolsonaro’s display of skepticism towards COVID-19 during pro-government demonstrations in Brazil. We compare trends of the disease spread around the demonstrations’ date in municipalities with different levels of support for the President. After the demonstrations, the disease spread faster in pro-Bolsonaro municipalities. The results are driven not only by people’s agglomerating during the demonstrations but also by lower compliance with social distancing. Finally, we rule out that pre-existing differences in health-related behavior explain the results.

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