No Evidence for Social Surrogacy in Fostering Intentions to Follow Social Distancing Guidelines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald F. Sacco ◽  
Mitch Brown ◽  
Alicia L. Macchione ◽  
Steven G. Young
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Exploratory Analysis ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Needs Satisfaction ◽  
Social Surrogacy ◽  
Tv Show

Abstract. We tested whether temporary social needs satisfaction through social surrogacy would ensure greater willingness to adhere to social distancing recommendations elicited by the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants were randomly assigned to social exclusion or inclusion via Cyberball ( n = 534) followed by either a social surrogacy manipulation (imagine favorite TV show), or one of two control states. No restorative effects emerged following a social surrogacy prime. An exploratory analysis considering age as a moderator ( MAge = 36.89 years, SD = 10.88, range = 19–70 years) found that excluded adults (i.e., middle and older ages) reported more intentions to deviate following surrogacy experiences relative to control experiences; no effects emerged for younger adults in this analysis. We discuss the limitations of social surrogacy in fostering compliance with social distancing initiatives.

scholarly journals Gossip about Coronavirus: Infection status and norm adherence shape social responses

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 658-679
Author(s):  
Terence D. Dores Cruz ◽  
Romy van der Lee ◽  
Bianca Beersma
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Behavioral Intentions ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Infection Status ◽  
Social Responses ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Important Pathway ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

To stop the spread of the Coronavirus, people must avoid infection risk. Given widespread skepticism regarding information concerning the Coronavirus received from authorities, one potentially important pathway to estimate the infectiousness of one’s group members could be through gossip (i.e., information about an absent target). Infection risk is reflected by both infection status and adherence to social distancing norms. In hypothetical scenarios ( N = 837), participants received gossip that we manipulated to describe a group member’s infection status and/or norm adherence. Results showed people tended to believe gossip and that gossip influenced behavioral intentions to avoid and punish targets of gossip as well as the perception of targets. We conclude that gossip, while potentially unreliable, could affect how people treat group members. We discuss how gossip could alleviate the Coronavirus crisis by contributing to slowing the Coronavirus’s spread, as well as exacerbate it through increased social exclusion based on unverified information.

scholarly journals A Mathematical Model of U.S. COVID-19 Deaths, Incidence and Quarantine Adjusted Herd Immunity by Age

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikki Lovvoll
Keyword(s):  
Case Reports ◽  
Critical Mass ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
P Value ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Social Mixing ◽  
Steep Decline ◽  
Disease Testing

Abstract In January 2021, a steep decline in U.S. COVID-19 deaths and case reports were noted, well before herd immunity or vaccinations would have been expected make an impact. This model predicts COVID-19 deaths and infections based on three insights. First, mortality rates differ significantly by age. Second, heterogeneous social mixing by age during quarantine may result in older adults (higher risk) to have more effectively quarantined conferring lower incidence relative to younger adults (lower risk and disproportionate essential frontline work). Third, deaths and Infection Fatality Rates may more reliably predict incidence relative to reported cases by removing uncertainty introduced from asymptomatic disease, testing availability, and false results. Age stratified IFR and deaths through December 5 were used to projected deaths (99% significance, P-value .002). Sensitivities for IFR, immune durability, and vaccinations were also modeled. By end 2020, 42% of the U.S. population had immunity differing significantly by age with 25-44-year-olds near 80%. A “critical mass” of immunity in these ages segments conferred herd immunity to other age groups. Herd immunity exists in the context of historic social distancing (quarantine). A significant percent of high-risk individuals remains susceptible and may facilitate another wave if social distancing restrictions are lifted prior to vaccination. Vaccine administrations through mid-February contributed a nominal amount to declining deaths.

scholarly journals Indonesian Shophouse Design Development based on the Establishment of Community and Social Aspect

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-170
Author(s):  
Nathalia Yunita Sugiharto
Keyword(s):  
17Th Century ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Social Functions ◽  
Colonial Era ◽  
Needs Satisfaction

The existence of shophouse in Indonesia has been started in the 17th century at the Colonial Era brought by Chinese traders.Shophouse is considered as a solution of the increasing density of population in Indonesia and land limitation. Shophouse typology adapt along with time and its surroundings. Along with its development, nowadays shophouse’s design had its own problem. Basically shophouse is supposed to accomodate two functions which is residential and stores but its residential function become less dominant than its commercial function. One of the causes is the shophouse design can’t meet the resident’s social needs satisfaction. Method that used in this research is comparative by comparing shophouse design in Colonial era with shophouse design that commonly found in Indonesia. Based on the study, it showed that the shophouse design in Colonial era was able to accommodate social functions among the inhabitants while the shophouse design that is commonly found in Indonesia focused in terms of economy (how quickly sold) and ignore the residential needs in their design. The study is expected to provide benefits in shophouse design in future and can contribute the knowledge in the realm of architecture.

scholarly journals When social exclusion is mandated: COVID-19, social distancing, gender and psychological needs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Verena Graupmann ◽  
Michaela Pfundmair
Keyword(s):  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Psychological Needs ◽  
Baseline Condition ◽  
Need To Belong ◽  
Need Fulfillment ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Psychological Challenge

In light of evidence from ostracism research, social distancing to limit the spread of COVID-19 poses a unique psychological challenge. In a German (N=546) and a US (N=199) sample, we examined how different degrees of social distancing impact outcomes related to social exclusion, measuring self-related needs: self-esteem, belonging, control, and meaning. Across both samples social distancing was associated with decreased need fulfillment. German participants reported higher need fulfillment compared to American participants. In comparison to previous studies, self-related needs associated with social distancing were less impacted than under experimental manipulations of social exclusion, however more so than under the baseline condition of inclusion. Working while social distancing was associated with greater need fulfillment, as was identifying as male. Women reported lower need fulfillment in both samples and this difference was mediated by need to belong. Results are discussed in terms of understanding self-related needs in different contexts of exclusion.

scholarly journals Preventive Behaviors During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Associations With Perceived Behavioral Control, Attitudes, and Subjective Norm

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damaris Aschwanden ◽  
Jason E. Strickhouser ◽  
Amanda A. Sesker ◽  
Ji Hyun Lee ◽  
Martina Luchetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Control ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Subjective Norm ◽  
Perceived Behavioral Control ◽  
Preventive Behaviors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Age Range

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious and potentially fatal infectious disease that has swept the globe. To reduce the spread, it is important to engage in preventive behaviors recommended by health authorities, such as washing your hands, wearing a face mask, and social distancing.Aim: In the present study, we draw from the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine the associations between perceived behavioral control, attitudes, and subjective norm and whether people engage in eight different preventive behaviors.Methods: For each of the preventive behaviors (washing hands; using hand sanitizer; not touching your face; social distancing; wearing a face mask; disinfecting surfaces; coughing in your elbow; staying home if sick), we conducted separate logistic regressions predicting whether the participants (N = 2,256; age range = 18–98 years) reported engaging in the behavior from their perceived behavioral control, attitudes, and subjective norm.Results: We found that perceived behavioral control, attitudes, and subjective norm had independent significant associations with each preventive behavior. Moderation analyses revealed that for most behaviors the associations with perceived behavioral control were stronger for older adults than for younger adults.Limitation: The present study was cross-sectional; future longitudinal studies and interventions are needed to disentangle directionality.Conclusion: Our findings suggest several ways to increase adherence to health behaviors that reduce the spread of coronavirus and other infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Social Distancing with Older Adults: Comparing Pre- and Post-Pandemic Preferences in Children

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 957-957
Author(s):  
Juliana Lapp ◽  
Jenny Bauer ◽  
Lea Scholz ◽  
Sonja Steltmann ◽  
Marit Lange ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Older Adult ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Social Preference ◽  
Behavioral Measure ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
The Media

Abstract The Covid-19 pandemic has made age more salient, and the media has included numerous ageist messages (Bronwen, 2020), included messages aimed at children (e.g., “stay home to protect grandma and grandpa!”). When the pandemic reached Germany in March, we halted data collection on a project assessing ageism in children ages 4 to 8. In July, the situation had improved and testing resumed following hygiene protocols. We report findings from a simulated-behavioral measure where 45 children were asked to plan a party. One task involved asking the children to place pictures of ten party guests, plus themselves, around two party tables. We then assessed how many seats away the younger and older adult guests were placed, on average, from the child (i.e., social distance). Although, we anticipated that the pandemic might lead children to further distance themselves from older adults, our results, thus far, indicate similarity between pre- and post-pandemic preferences. At both occasions older adult guests were seated, on average, one seat further away from the child then younger adult guests. The guest chosen to sit closest to the child was younger on 88% of occasions, whereas the guest chosen to sit farthest away from the child was older on 64% of occasions. Preference for younger adults was confirmed in a second task where children selected teammates for a game. On average, children’s teams consisted of 70% younger guests versus 30% older guests. Findings indicate a social preference for younger, versus older, adults in children irrespective of the pandemic.

scholarly journals Prevalence and correlates of physical activity in a sample of UK adults observing social distancing during the COVID-19 pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000850 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Smith ◽  
Louis Jacob ◽  
Laurie Butler ◽  
Felipe Schuch ◽  
Yvonne Barnett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Physical Symptom ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Annual Household Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Present Sample ◽  
Social Distancing

ObjectiveTo investigate the levels and correlates of physical activity during COVID-19 social distancing in a sample of the UK public.MethodsThis paper presents analyses of data from a cross-sectional study. Levels of physical activity during COVID-19 social distancing were self-reported. Participants also reported on sociodemographic and clinical data. The association between several factors and physical activity was studied using regression models.ResultsNine hundred and eleven adults were included (64.0% were women and 50.4% of the participants were aged 35–64 years). 75.0% of the participants met the physical activity guidelines during social distancing. Meeting these guidelines during social distancing was significantly associated with sex (reference: male; female: OR=1.60, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.33), age (reference: 18–34 years; ≥65 years: OR=4.11, 95% CI 2.01 to 8.92), annual household income (reference: <£15 000; £15 000–<£25 000: OR=2.03, 95% CI 1.11 to 3.76; £25 000–<£40 000: OR=3.16, 95% CI 1.68 to 6.04; £40 000–<£60 000: OR=2.27, 95% CI 1.19 to 4.34; ≥£60 000: OR=2.11, 95% CI 1.09 to 4.09), level of physical activity per day when not observing social distancing (OR=1.00 (per 1 min increase), 95% CI 1.00 to 1.01), and any physical symptom experienced during social distancing (reference: no; yes: OR=0.31, 95% CI 0.21 to 0.46).ConclusionDuring COVID-19, social distancing interventions should focus on increasing physical activity levels among younger adults, men and those with low annual household income. It should be noted in the present sample that women and younger adults are over-represented.

scholarly journals SELF-PERCEPTION OF CHANGES IN LIFESTYLE AND WELLBEING ASSOCIATED WITH SOCIAL DISTANCING DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC AMONG MEDICAL STUDENTS (the study in Lviv, Ukraine)

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iryna Muzyka ◽  
◽  
Barbara Belka ◽  
Yulia Ostrovska ◽  
Oksana Zayachkivska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Social Distancing ◽  
Use Of Social Media ◽  
The Impact

Social distancing related to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS COV2 is an important precautionary measure, implemented by WHO approximately 1 year ago. At the same time, it is a large-scale stressor that has led to multiple changes in the lifestyle around the world. In this crisis, the well-being and health of medical students who belong to the individuals with a high risk of distress in the population are very important for society. The purpose of this research is to study the impact of COVID-19-related stay-at-home policy, social isolation, online academic learning, and working on the medical students' lifestyle and well-being focusing on their self-perception of telecommunication technologies, social media, as well as on the psychophysiological state, and eating behavior of medical students of Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University (LNMU). Methods. A prospective, cohort study was carried out on 273 medical students of the LNMU via an anonymous online survey using Google Forms. 273 people of different ethnicities answered the original questionnaire, which includes: 1) general questions (age, gender, ethnicity, family, education, work, and economic status); 2) issues related to the use of social media; 3) questions about the impact of social distancing on lifestyle; 4) the scale of stress perception. Results: The cohort for the study consisted of 166 women and 107 men in the following age groups: from 17 to 24 — 92 %, 25–31 — 4 %, 35–44 — 2 %, and over 45 years — 2 %. Ethnic groups included Asian — 47 %, Caucasian — 41 %, African — 7 %, Hispanic — 3 %, and multiracial people — 2 %. Social exclusion during COVID-19 was found to be caused by a change in the use of social media, more time spent on using them by all respondents. Among these, 88 % acknowledge that social media have a great impact and 71 % of responders learn basic information about the pandemic via social media. However, 52 % doubt the reliability of the information. The feeling of anxiety, panic, which characterized the perception of stress caused by information on social media, was reported by 56 % of respondents. Almost all respondents changed their lifestyle, which was characterized by physical inactivity and changed eating behavior. About 60 % of respondents reported overeating in the evening and at night (19:00 — 5:00) and almost half of all respondents reported weight gain in the last year. All respondents know about the benefits of physical activity to overcome signs of psycho-emotional stress, but only about 10 % of respondents exercise regularly. There were no differences in the responses from students belonging to the Caucasian group or other ethnicities. Conclusions. The lifestyle of student youth, their eating behavior, and psycho-emotional state are being modified during COVID-19. Social media is an important informative factor in the context of social exclusion and the fight against chronic stress

scholarly journals The relationship between social ostracism and friendship quality and false identity in secondary school students

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 476-489
Author(s):  
Kadriye Özyazici ◽  
Mehmet Kanak
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Education ◽  
Identity Development ◽  
Social Exclusion ◽  
Friendship Quality ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
School Students ◽  
Friendship Relations ◽  
Social Ostracism ◽  
False Identity ◽  
Adolescent Identity Development

Objectives: Adolescents endeavor to meet their social needs, to be accepted and to develop close friendship relationships. However, quality and close relationships may not always be possible. Identity development may be affected if adolescents cannot be included in social groups and cannot establish quality friendship relationships. This can be caused to false identity of adolescents who have not yet gained the ability to develop a original identity. Methods: The study group consisted of three high schools, determined according to the entrance score of secondary education in Sivas city center and 510 students enrolled in secondary education with general aptitude exams in the 2017-2018 academic year. Social Exclusion Experiences Scale for Adolescents, False Identity Scale for Adolescents and Friendship Quality Scale were used as data collection tools. Results: According to the regression analysis findings, it was observed that false self and acceptance variables predicted significant negligence, which is the sub-dimension of social exclusion variable. It significantly predicts the exclusion sub-dimension of the social exclusion variable of proximity and acceptance variables. Conclusıon: The results of this study will contribute to adolescent identity development and will provide guidance to parents and teachers in order to establish a healthy friendship relations.

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