Risk Factors for Major Depression

1993 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Horwath ◽  
J. Johnson ◽  
G. L. Klerman ◽  
M. M. Weissman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Major Depression

Major Depression and Generalised Anxiety Disorder

1996 ◽  
Vol 168 (S30) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
Generalised Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Twin Models ◽  
One Year

In both clinical and epidemiological samples, major depression (MD) and generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) display substantial comorbidity. In a prior analysis of lifetime MD and GAD in female twins, the same genetic factors were shown to influence the liability to MD and to GAD. A follow-up interview in the same twin cohort examined one-year prevalence for MD and GAD (diagnosed using a one-month minimum duration of illness). Bivariate twin models were fitted using the program Mx. High levels of comorbidity were observed between MD and GAD. The best-fitting twin models, when GAD was diagnosed with or without a diagnostic hierarchy, found a genetic correlation of unity between the two disorders. The correlation in environmental risk factors was +0.70 when GAD was diagnosed non-hierarchically, but zero when hierarchical diagnoses were used. Our findings provide further support for the hypothesis that in women, MD and GAD are the result of the same genetic factors. Environmental risk factors that predispose to ‘pure’ GAD episodes may be relatively distinct from those that increase risk for MD.

Major depression and phobias: the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 361-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth S. Kendler ◽  
Michael C. Neale ◽  
Ronald C. Kessler ◽  
Andrew C. Heath ◽  
Lindon J. Eaves
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Social Phobia ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Environmental Risk Factors ◽  
The Other ◽  
Genetic Vulnerability ◽  
Animal Phobias ◽  
Shared Genetic

SynopsisIn a population based sample of 2163 personally interviewed female twins, substantial comorbidity was observed between DSM-III-R defined major depression (MD) and 4 subtypes of phobia: agoraphobia, social phobia, animal phobia and situational phobia. However, the level of comorbidity of MD with agoraphobia was much greater than that found with the other phobic subtypes. We conducted bivariate twin analyses to decompose the genetic and environmental sources of comorbidity between MD and the phobias. Our results suggest that a modest proportion of the genetic vulnerability to MD also influences the risk for all phobic subtypes, with the possible exception of situational phobias. Furthermore, the magnitude of comorbidity resulting from this shared genetic vulnerability is similar across the phobic subtypes. By contrast, the non-familial environmental experiences which predispose to depression substantially increase the vulnerability to agoraphobia, have a modest impact on the risk for social and situational phobias and no effect on the risk for animal phobias. The increased comorbidity between MD and agoraphobia results, nearly entirely, from individual-specific environmental risk factors for MD which also increase the risk for agoraphobia but not for other phobias.

scholarly journals Common Genetic Risk of Major Depression and Nicotine Dependence: The Contribution of Antisocial Traits in a United States Veteran Male Twin Cohort

2007 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Fu ◽  
Andrew C. Heath ◽  
Kathleen K. Bucholz ◽  
Michael J. Lyons ◽  
Ming T. Tsuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Predominantly White ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Diagnostic Interview ◽  
Genetic Influences ◽  
Vietnam Era ◽  
Shared Genetic

AbstractMany studies that found associations between depression and nicotine dependence have ignored possible shared genetic influences associated with antisocial traits. The present study examined the contribution of genetic and environmental effects associated with conduct disorder (CD) and antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) to the comorbidity of major depression (MD) and nicotine dependence (ND). A telephone diagnostic interview, the Diagnostic Interview Schedule-III-R, was administered to eligible twins from the Vietnam Era Twin (VET) Registry in 1992. Multivariate genetic models were fitted to 3360 middle-aged and predominantly white twin pairs (1868 monozygotic, 1492 dizygotic pairs) of which both members completed the pertinent diagnostic interview sections. Genetic influences on CD accounted for 100%, 68%, and 50% of the total genetic variance in risk for ASPD, MD and ND, respectively. After controlling for genetic influences on CD, the partial genetic correlation between MD and ND was no longer statistically significant. Nonshared environmental contributions to the comorbidity among these disorders were not significant. This study not only demonstrates that the comorbidity between ND and MD is influenced by common genetic risk factors, but also further suggests that the common genetic risk factors overlapped with those for antisocial traits such as CD and ASPD in men.

scholarly journals WHITE MATTER INTEGRITY UNDERLYING SUBSYNDROMAL DEPRESSION SYMPTOMS IN DEMENTIA CAREGIVERS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S903-S904
Author(s):  
Stephen Smagula ◽  
Tales Santini ◽  
Sarah Stahl ◽  
Tamer Ibrahim ◽  
Charles Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
White Matter Integrity ◽  
P Value ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Dementia Caregivers ◽  
Posterior Cingulate ◽  
Subsyndromal Depression ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

Abstract Past research shows that major depression is associated with lower white matter integrity in fronto-limbic and other areas. But it is not known whether the integrity of these white matter connections is associated with subsyndromal depression symptoms, a marker of risk for major depression, in family dementia caregivers (dCGs) who reported stress. If specific aspects of white matter integrity are related to depression symptoms in this high-risk group, this could provide a biomarker of vulnerability or target for treatment. Participants included 41 dCGs (average age=69, standard deviation=6.4), who underwent a 7 Tesla 64-direction (12-minute) diffusion-weighted imaging sequence. Analyses compared dCGs with (n=20) and without (n=21) subsyndromal depression symptoms (nine-item Patient Health Questionnaire scores ≥5). Using fractional anisotropy (FA), we assessed differences in the integrity of 11 white matter aspects implicated in prior studies of major depression. We found that caregivers with subsyndromal depression had lower FA in tracts connecting to the posterior cingulate cortex (Cohen’s D=-0.9, p-value=0.006, FDR=0.03) and in white matter connecting the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex with the rostral cingulate (Cohen’s D=-1.2, p-value=0.0005, FDR=0.006). Thus, differences in the integrity of white matter (and related functions) reaching the posterior cingulate (autobiographical memory/planning) and connecting dorsolateral prefrontal and rostral cingulate regions (emotion re-appraisal) may contribute to depression vulnerability in dCGs. These observations require contextualizing further (e.g., assessing roles of depression history and other risk factors) for their meaning to be fully elucidated. Potentially, relationships between known risk factors (e.g., subjective stress) and depression emerge from or drive changes in white matter.

Risk Factors for Major Depression in COPD Patients.

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
TR Hsiue ◽  
PY Lin ◽  
CZ Chen ◽  
W Wang ◽  
LC Yen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Copd Patients

Sex similarities and differences in risk factors for recurrence of major depression

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1685-1693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna M. van Loo ◽  
Steven H. Aggen ◽  
Charles O. Gardner ◽  
Kenneth S. Kendler
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Family History ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Risk Factors For Recurrence ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Impact

AbstractBackgroundMajor depression (MD) occurs about twice as often in women as in men, but it is unclear whether sex differences subsist after disease onset. This study aims to elucidate potential sex differences in rates and risk factors for MD recurrence, in order to improve prediction of course of illness and understanding of its underlying mechanisms.MethodsWe used prospective data from a general population sample (n = 653) that experienced a recent episode of MD. A diverse set of potential risk factors for recurrence of MD was analyzed using Cox models subject to elastic net regularization for males and females separately. Accuracy of the prediction models was tested in same-sex and opposite-sex test data. Additionally, interactions between sex and each of the risk factors were investigated to identify potential sex differences.ResultsRecurrence rates and the impact of most risk factors were similar for men and women. For both sexes, prediction models were highly multifactorial including risk factors such as comorbid anxiety, early traumas, and family history. Some subtle sex differences were detected: for men, prediction models included more risk factors concerning characteristics of the depressive episode and family history of MD and generalized anxiety, whereas for women, models included more risk factors concerning early and recent adverse life events and socioeconomic problems.ConclusionsNo prominent sex differences in risk factors for recurrence of MD were found, potentially indicating similar disease maintaining mechanisms for both sexes. Course of MD is a multifactorial phenomenon for both males and females.

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