The automatic processing of psychological distance: Spatial distance interacts with temporal distance, social distance and hypotheticality in a stroop task

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Bar-Anan ◽  
Nira Liberman ◽  
Yaacov Trope ◽  
Daniel Algom
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Automatic Processing ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Spatial Distance

Replication of Experiments Evaluating Impact of Psychological Distance on Moral Judgment

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 223-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris L. Žeželj ◽  
Biljana R. Jokić
Keyword(s):  
Moral Judgment ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Construal Level ◽  
Systematic Effect ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
Opposite Conclusion ◽  
Moral Transgressions ◽  
Replication Of Experiments

Eyal, Liberman, and Trope (2008) established that people judged moral transgressions more harshly and virtuous acts more positively when the acts were psychologically distant than close. In a series of conceptual and direct replications, Gong and Medin (2012) came to the opposite conclusion. Attempting to resolve these inconsistencies, we conducted four high-powered replication studies in which we varied temporal distance (Studies 1 and 3), social distance (Study 2) or construal level (Study 4), and registered their impact on moral judgment. We found no systematic effect of temporal distance, the effect of social distance consistent with Eyal et al., and the reversed effect of direct construal level manipulation, consistent with Gong and Medin. Possible explanations for the incompatible results are discussed.

scholarly journals Psychological distance modulates goal-based versus movement-based imitation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Genschow ◽  
Jochim Hansen ◽  
Michaela Wänke ◽  
Yaacov Trope
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Construal Level Theory ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Construal Level ◽  
Direct Mapping

In past research on imitation, some findings suggest that imitation is goal based, whereas other findings suggest that imitation can also be based on a direct mapping of a model’s movements without necessarily adopting the model’s goal. We argue that the two forms of imitation are flexibly deployed in accordance with the psychological distance from the model. We specifically hypothesize that individuals are relatively more likely to imitate the model’s goals when s/he is distant but relatively more likely to imitate the model’s specific movements when s/he is proximal. This hypothesis was tested in four experiments using different imitation paradigms and different distance manipulations. Experiment 1 served as a pilot study and demonstrated that temporal distance (vs. proximity) increased imitation of a goal relative to the imitation of a movement. Experiments 2 and 3 measured goal-based and movement-based imitation independently of each other and found that spatial distance (vs. proximity) decreased the rate of goal errors (indicating more goal imitation) compared to movement errors. Experiment 4 demonstrated that psychological distance operates most likely at the input—that is, perceptual—level. The findings are discussed in relation to construal level theory and extant theories of imitation.

The Interplay of Travelers’ Psychological Distance, Language Abstraction, and Message Appeal Type in Social Media Advertising

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1430-1446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saerom Wang ◽  
Xinran Lehto
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Consumer Response ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Message Design ◽  
Message Effectiveness ◽  
Abstraction Level ◽  
Language Abstraction ◽  
Search For Information

Effectiveness of destination advertising to potential tourists has been enhanced with the use of personalized orientation. After an online search for information about a destination, individuals are exposed to advertisements related to the destination on their social media newsfeed. However, further understanding is warranted in terms of how these destination messages should be crafted. Thus, our research aims to uncover how destination advertising design, message appeal type, and language abstraction level interact with a message recipient’s psychological distance to his or her trip to influence consumer response to the advertising. Based on construal level theory, we conducted a scenario-based experiment, using manipulated messages and psychological distance state to assess message effectiveness. The findings show that the type of message design respondents favor can vary either by perceived temporal distance to their travel plans or spatial distance to the travel destination.

scholarly journals The Snacking Chameleon: Psychological Proximity Increases Imitation of Food Intake Independently of Brand Choice

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Claudia Bischoff ◽  
Leonie Reutner ◽  
Jochim Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Present Experiment ◽  
Video Clip ◽  
Brand Choice ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Consumption Behavior ◽  
One Year ◽  
Psychological Proximity

Observing other people snacking can affect one’s own consumption behavior. The present experiment tested whether temporal distance moderates imitation of brand choice and the number of snacks consumed. Based on previous research demonstrating that psychological distance (e.g., temporal or spatial distance) reduces imitation of movements, we hypothesized that participants would imitate the amount of food intake to a lesser degree when they temporally distance themselves from a model person. To test this idea, participants (n = 113) were asked to imagine their life either the next day (proximal condition) or in one year (distant condition). Next, participants watched a video clip depicting a model person who chose one of two brands of pretzels and ate either plenty or just a few of the pretzels. Then, participants chose one of the two brands of pretzels, served themselves as many of the pretzels as they liked, and ate them while filling in a tasting questionnaire. As expected, participants primed with proximity imitated snack intake more than participants primed with distance. The brand choice was not affected by self-distancing. Implications for snacking behavior are discussed.

scholarly journals Keeping One’s Distance: Mask Wearing is Implicitly Associated With Psychological Distance

2021 ◽  
pp. 194855062110440
Author(s):  
Ramzi Fatfouta ◽  
Yaacov Trope
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Construal Level ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Mask wearing plays a vital role in the fight against the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Despite its ubiquity in everyday social life, it is still unknown how masked faces are mentally represented. Drawing on construal-level theory, we test the hypothesis that masked faces and unmasked faces are implicitly associated with psychological distance and proximity in memory, respectively. Four preregistered, high-powered experiments ( N = 354 adults) using the Implicit Association Test lend convergent support to this hypothesis across all four dimensions of psychological distance: social distance, spatial distance, temporal distance, and hypothetical distance. A mini meta-analysis validates the reliability of the findings (Hedge’s g = 0.46). The present work contributes to the growing literature on construal-level effects on implicit social cognition and enriches the current discussion on mask wearing in the pandemic and beyond.

Effects of psychological distance on assessment of severity of water pollution

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Gui-Bing He ◽  
Yue Zhu ◽  
Long Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Severity Assessment ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Probability Distance ◽  
Degree Of Severity

We conducted 2 studies to investigate the role of psychological distance in the assessment of degree of severity of water pollution. In Study 1, 132 participants evaluated the severity of water pollution with 3 dimensions of psychological distance, that is, temporal, social, and probability, each comprising 3 levels. Results showed that temporal distance did not have a significant influence on the assessment of the severity of water pollution, whereas probability and social distance did. In Study 2, 146 participants evaluated the severity of water pollution in three 2 × 2 designs and one 2 × 2 × 2 design. Results demonstrated that, when the 3 psychological distances coexisted, the main effect of probability distance on severity assessment was significant, but neither temporal nor social distance had a significant effect.

scholarly journals Adaptive Psychological Distance: A Survival Perceived Temporal Distance Effect

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 147470492094878
Author(s):  
Daniel R. VanHorn
Keyword(s):  
Distance Effect ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Design Experiment ◽  
Functional Perspective ◽  
Survival Scenario ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
High Effort

Perceived temporal distance is explored using an evolutionary-functionalist perspective. Participants imagine themselves in one of three future scenarios: a survival scenario, a high-effort scenario, and a low-effort scenario. After imagining themselves in a future scenario, participants make a judgment of perceived temporal distance. Results suggest a survival perceived temporal distance effect (SPTD effect). Participants report the survival scenario feels closer to them in time than the high-effort and low-effort scenarios in experiments using a within-subjects design (Experiment 1) and a between-subjects design (Experiment 2). The perceived temporal closeness of a future survival scenario is highly adaptive as it motivates effective preparation for a future event of great importance. Furthermore, the perceived temporal distance findings reported here taken together with past research on perceived spatial distance illustrate the value of the functional perspective when conducting research on psychological distance. The SPTD effect is likely related to the well-documented survival-processing memory effect and is consistent with research demonstrating the cognitive overlap between remembering past events and imagining future events.

An Examination of Construal Effects on Price Perceptions in the Advance Selling of Experience Services

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lane T. Wakefield ◽  
Kirk L. Wakefield
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Temporal Distance ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Service Research ◽  
Advance Selling ◽  
Price Information Processing ◽  
Price Perceptions ◽  
Self Reference

Service research in the advance selling of experience services is limited in regard to how individual and situational differences influence price information processing. Applying construal-level theory in the context of advance selling of tickets for experience services, this research demonstrates that who (near vs. far social distance), when (near vs. far temporal distance), and where (spatial distance) influence price sensitivity and perceived value of the experience service. Study 1 finds that consumers are more price sensitive when they consider the advance purchase of events taking place further in the future, unless they are experienced, as Study 2 finds. Across both studies, buyers perceive greater value when the time and location of the event are psychologically near. Compared to when social distance is near (self-reference), consumers construe other average buyers in the market to be relatively more price sensitive and to perceive relatively higher value for experience services. Since an important factor at work in the minds of buyers is other buyers, the results imply that service providers should frame offers in reference more to others than the self for experiences. The effects of time and distance suggest managers should carefully geo-target offers customized to when and where customers are when buying tickets. As experienced buyers have learned to be price sensitive for tickets, managers should identify these individuals to provide relevant value-added offers.

scholarly journals The role of psychological distance in value creation

2015 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 1430-1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Holmqvist ◽  
Duncan Guest ◽  
Christian Grönroos
Keyword(s):  
Value Creation ◽  
Social Distance ◽  
Customer Value ◽  
Service Use ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Spatial Distance ◽  
Service Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Service Interaction ◽  
Service Interactions

Purpose – The field of service research has devoted considerable attention to the customer’s role as value creator, but there is a lack of research on understanding customers’ psychological processes in value creation. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of psychological distance in value-creation processes. Psychological distance is the customer’s perceived distance from service interactions in terms of spatial distance, temporal distance, social distance and hypothetical distance. Critically, psychological distance influences cognitive processes and can influence how customers think and feel about the service interaction. An appreciation of psychological distance within service contexts can help managers to tailor the interaction in order to facilitate value creation. Design/methodology/approach – In this conceptual paper, the authors build on psychology research and service research to develop seven propositions that explore how psychological distance can operate within service interactions and how this might influence value creation. Findings – The authors divide the propositions into three sections. The first concerns how perceived psychological distance from the service interaction can act as a barrier to entering a service interaction. In particular, the authors consider the influence of social distance and spatial distance within the context of service interactions. The second section examines how psychological distance to the expected point of service use can influence how customers construe the service and the value creation. The third aspect addresses customer-specific characteristics that can impact on value creation by influencing perceived psychological distance toward the service. Research limitations/implications – Existing research suggests that customers ultimately decide if value is created in the interaction. This paper proposes that perceived psychological distance influences customers’ value creation by examining the service interaction from the customer perspective. The authors suggest that complex context-specific features of the service interaction can be understood by considering psychological distance from the service interaction and from the service itself and evaluating how this impacts on value-creation processes. Practical implications – From a practical point of view, the paper helps managers to better understand how to manage the service interaction with customers by identifying psychological antecedents of customer value creation. Originality/value – The paper introduces the notion of psychological distance into service research about value, proposing that the customer’s role in creating value in interactions with the service provider is influenced by the psychological distance to the interaction and to the service offered in this interaction.

scholarly journals Automatic processing of psychological distance: Evidence from a Stroop task.

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 610-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoav Bar-Anan ◽  
Nira Liberman ◽  
Yaacov Trope ◽  
Daniel Algom
Keyword(s):  
Stroop Task ◽  
Psychological Distance ◽  
Automatic Processing
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