Affect-Laden and Affectively-Neutral Word Definitions Test

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loren J. Chapman ◽  
Jean P. Chapman ◽  
Randall L. Daut
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Word ◽  
Word Definitions

Shalott’s Song: a Specific Feature Found in Balmont’s Translation of A. Tennyson’s Poem «The Lady of Shalott»

2020 ◽  
pp. 22-33
Author(s):  
Margarita Shanurina
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Word ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
The Other ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Academic Paper ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

This academic paper is devoted to the analysis of a specific feature which could be found in K. Balmont’s translation of A. Tennyson’s poem «The Lady of Shalott». The aim of the work is to study the reasons why Balmont uses the word «волшебница» to describe the heroine in his translation while there is no word with such semantics in the original text. (This word is put in the name of the translated work and it is found in almost every stanza).English analogue of the word «volshebnitsa» (that is, the word «enchantress», which, according to the Oxford English Dictionary, is closest to this word in semantics), while in the original text of the poem this word is not mentioned, the neutral word «lady» is used andonce (in the speech of the mower who hears the heroine singing, but does not see her) there is the word «fairy». This article, on the one hand, summarizes existing studies on the topic; on the other hand, complements them. The study highlights and considers several reasons for the above-mentioned discrepancy between the original text and its translation: emphasizing the connection with a fairy tale, revealing a number of motifs which play an important role in the work of Balmont himself (namely, motifs of music and creativity as magic) and an indication of the main heroine’s charming beauty.

scholarly journals Swearing as a response to pain: Assessing hypoalgesic effects of novel “swear” words

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Stephens ◽  
Olly May Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Neutral Word ◽  
Pain Threshold ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pain Tolerance ◽  
Mediation Effects ◽  
Independent Variable ◽  
Cold Pressor Pain

Background: This pre-registered study extends previous findings that swearing alleviates pain tolerance by assessing the effects of a conventional swear word (“fuck”) and two new “swear” words, “fouch” and “twizpipe”.Method: A mixed sex group of participants (N = 92) completed a repeated measures experimental design augmented by mediation analysis. The independent variable was Word with the levels, “fuck” v. “fouch” v. “twizpipe” v. a neutral word. The dependent variables were emotion rating, humour rating, distraction rating, cold pressor pain threshold, cold pressor pain tolerance, pain perception score and change from resting heart rate. Possible mediation effects were assessed for emotion, humour and distraction ratings. Results: For conventional swearing (“fuck”), confirmatory analyses found a 32% increase in pain threshold and a 33% increase in pain tolerance, accompanied by increased ratings for emotion, humour and distraction, relative to the neutral word condition. The new “swear” words, “fouch” and “twizpipe” were rated higher than the neutral word for emotion and humour although these words did not affect pain threshold or tolerance. Changes in heart rate, pain perception and were absent, as were mediation effects.Conclusions: Our data replicate previous findings that repeating a swear word at a steady pace and volume benefits pain tolerance, extending this finding to pain threshold. Our data cannot explain how such effects are manifest, although distraction appears to be of little importance, and emotion is worthy of future study. The new “swear” words did not alleviate pain even though participants rated them as emotion evoking and humorous.

scholarly journals Personality, mood, and the evaluation of affective and neutral word pairs.

1998 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1592-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory M. Rogers ◽  
William Revelle
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Word

Cognitive and linguistic factors in the development of word definitions

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 619-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatrice Benelli ◽  
Luciano Arcuri ◽  
Gianni Marchesini
Keyword(s):  
Specific Information ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Class Inclusion ◽  
Normative Criteria ◽  
Children's Strategies ◽  
Word Definitions

ABSTRACTThree studies were carried out in order to account for development of word definitions. Study i was aimed at analysing the role of class inclusion skills and age (5– and 7–year-olds and adults) in production of definitions containing superordinate categorical terms. No differences were found between 7-year-olds who had passed a class inclusion task and those who had not passed it as regards number of definitions containing superordinates, while differences were found between younger and older children and between children and adults. Study 2 was aimed at obtaining some normative criteria on the ‘goodness’ of definitions provided in Study 1, by using adult judges. It was found that the best definitions are those which contain both categorical terms and specific information about the to-be-defined object. It was also found that adults may adjust their standard definitional criteria to the kind of interlocutor (i.e. a child or a Martian). Study 3 confirms that younger children's definitions fall far short of the adult informativeness and completeness criteria while, by the age of ten, such criteria are met. Overall results were interpreted as conforming to a progressive conventionalization of children's strategies for defining objects.

scholarly journals Zitelle e zitellacce. Prejudices and scorn in the perception of widows and single women in Italy in the 19th century

2017 ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Monica Miscali
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Neutral Word ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Considerable Change ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Bourgeois Society ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Hostile Attitude ◽  
Old Maid

Abstract: Living alone in the pre-industrial world often created more complications for women than for men. The main source of this discrimination was a widespread prejudicial and hostile attitude towards unattached women and widows in general. Past societies have generated both pejorative and celebratory words to describe women who have never been married or were widowed. Expressions such as “old maid”, “vecchia zitella” or the slightly more benevolent expression “poor widow” have become commonplace. The aim of this paper is firstly to highlight the negative prejudices suffered by single women and widows in past centuries. Secondly, it hopes to demonstrate the considerable change in society’s attitude towards unmarried women that accompanied the rise of the bourgeois society and that transformed the semantic sense of the otherwise neutral word zitella to the pejorative one it has today. Despite focusing on the particular case of Italy, it will also seek to give a brief overview of the situation in the rest of Europe.Key words: Widows, single women, zitella, prejudices, stereotypes, ItalyRésumé: Vivre seul dans le monde préindustriel a souvent créé plus de complications pour les femmes que pour les hommes. La principale source de cette discrimination était une attitude préjudiciable et hostile envers les femmes seules et les veuves en général. Les sociétés du passé ont généré de nombreux mots péjoratifs pour décrire les femmes qui n’ont jamais été mariées ou qui étaient veuves. Combien de fois avons-nous entendu des mots tels que «old maid», ou bien «vieille fille» ou encore l’expression apparemment bienveillante “pauvre veuve”. Le but de cet article est de mettre en évidence les préjugés négatifs qui ont été employé au cours des siècles passésafin de décrire les femmes célibataires et les veuves et de montrer comment l’attitude de la société envers les femmes célibataires a considérablement changé avec la montée de la société bourgeoise qui a transformé le sens sémantique du mot “zitella” originairement neutre en un terme au sens aujourd’hui péjoratifact francese. L’article se concentrera sur les cas de l’Italie, mais il cherchera aussi à donner un bref aperçu de la situation dans le reste de l’Europe.Mots-clés: Veuves, femmes célibataires, vieille fille, préjugés, stéréotypes, zitella  

scholarly journals Sentiment polarity classification of tweets using a extended dictionary

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (62) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Jorge E. Camargo ◽  
Vladimir Vargas-Calderon ◽  
Nelson Vargas ◽  
Liliana Calderón-Benavides
Keyword(s):  
Support Vector Machine ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Classification Performance ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
The Real ◽  
Polarity Classification ◽  
Real Academia ◽  
Word Definitions

With the purpose of classifying text based on its sentiment polarity (positive or negative), we proposed an extension of a 68,000 tweets corpus through the inclusion of word definitions from a dictionary of the Real Academia Espa\~{n}ola de la Lengua (RAE). A set of 28,000 combinations of 6 Word2Vec and support vector machine parameters were considered in order to evaluate how positively would affect the inclusion of a RAE's dictionary definitions classification performance. We found that such a corpus extension significantly improve the classification accuracy. Therefore, we conclude that the inclusion of a RAE's dictionary increases the semantic relations learned by Word2Vec allowing a better classification accuracy.

scholarly journals Strategi Penerjemahan dan Pergeseran Makna Istilah Budaya Sosial dalam Terjemahan Komik Garudayana Saga Volume 1-4 Karya Is Yuniarto

HUMANIS ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 986
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Dadi ◽  
Ni Putu Luhur Wedayanti ◽  
I Made Budiana
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Word ◽  
Cultural Background ◽  
Unrelated Word ◽  
Related Word ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Componential Analysis ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Terms ◽  
Loan Word

The title of this research is “Translation Strategies and The Shifting Meaning of Social Culture Terms in Translation of Garudayana Saga Volume 1-4 by Is Yuniarto”. The research is aimed to analyze the translation strategies used by translator, and componential analysis of the social cultural terms in translation of the comic. The theories that were used in this research were theory of translation strategies proposed by Mona Baker (1992), theory of componential analysis proposed by Roger T. Bell (1993), and theory of cultural anthropological by Koentjaraningrat (2014). There are four categories of social cultural terms: work, leisure, greetings and idioms. There are seven strategies used by the translator: translation by general word, neutral word, cultural substitution, loan word or loan word plus explanation, paraphrase using related word, paraphrase using unrelated word and omitted word. Strategies that most used by translator were translation by general word and cultural substitution. These strategies were used due to differences in social cultural background of society in Indonesia and Japan. The least used strategies were paraphrase using unrelated word and omitted word, since the used of these two strategies can reduce the cause of the shifting meaning in translation.

Disentangling visual attention and motor response contributions in response priming with gender categorization task: an HDDM approach

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lara Todorova ◽  
David Neville
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Neutral Word ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Prime Type ◽  
Response Priming ◽  
Categorization Task ◽  
Gender Categorization ◽  
Response Execution

Words can either boost or hinder the processing of visual information, which can lead to facilitation or interference of the behavioural response. We investigated the stage (response execution or target processing) of verbal interference/facilitation in the response priming paradigm with a gender categorization task. Participants in our study were asked to judge whether the presented stimulus was a female or male face that was briefly preceded by a gender word either congruent (prime: ‘man’, target: ‘man’), incongruent (prime: ‘woman’, target: ‘man’) or neutral (prime: ‘day’, target: ‘man’) with respect to the face stimulus. We investigated whether related word-picture pairs resulted in faster reaction times in comparison to the neutral word-picture pairs (facilitation) and whether unrelated word-picture pairs resulted in slower reaction times in comparison to neutral word-picture pairs (interference). We further examined whether these effects (if any) map onto response conflict or aspects of target processing. In addition, identity (‘man’, ‘woman’) and associative (‘tie’, ‘dress’) primes were introduced to investigate the cognitive mechanisms of semantic and Stroop-like effects in response priming (introduced respectively by associations and identity words). We analyzed responses and reaction times using the drift diffusion model to examine the effect of facilitation and/or interference as a function of the prime type. We found that regardless of prime type words introduce a facilitatory effect, which maps to the processes of visual attention and response execution.

Lexical retrieval: The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan E. Kohn ◽  
Arthur Wingfield ◽  
Lise Menn ◽  
Harold Goodglass ◽  
Jean Berko Gleason ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target Word ◽  
Word Retrieval ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Word Knowledge ◽  
University Undergraduates ◽  
Tip Of The Tongue ◽  
Word Definitions ◽  
Target Words

ABSTRACTAn experiment is reported in which university undergraduates were given word definitions and asked to say aloud all responses that came to mind in the course of their attempts to retrieve the target words. Results showed that phonologically similar responses and word-fragments are good predictors of target word knowledge and the likelihood of eventual success in retrieval. Responses which were semantically related to the target word were less predictive of eventual success. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for interpreting tip-of-the-tongue analyses as a “window” on the process of word retrieval.

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