Abdominal Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and the Metabolic Syndrome: Contribution of Physical Activity/Exercise

The lack of adequate physical activity and obesity created a worldwide pandemic. Obesity is characterized by the deposition of adipose tissue in various parts of the body; it is now evident that adipose tissue also acts as an endocrine organ capable of secreting many cytokines that are though to be involved in the pathophysiology of obesity, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. Adipokines, or adipose tissue-derived proteins, play a pivotal role in this scenario. Increased secretion of proinflammatory adipokines leads to a chronic inflammatory state that is accompanied by insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Lifestyle change in terms of increased physical activity and exercise is the best nonpharmacological treatment for obesity since these can reduce insulin resistance, counteract the inflammatory state, and improve the lipid profile. There is growing evidence that exercise exerts its beneficial effects partly through alterations in the adipokine profile; that is, exercise increases secretion of anti-inflammatory adipokines and reduces proinflammatory cytokines. In this paper we briefly describe the pathophysiologic role of four important adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, TNF-α, and IL-6) in the metabolic syndrome and review some of the clinical trials that monitored these adipokines as a clinical outcome before and after exercise.

Download Full-text

Electronic Cigarette Use and Metabolic Syndrome Development: A Critical Review

Toxics ◽

10.3390/toxics8040105 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 105

Author(s):

Ilona Górna ◽

Marta Napierala ◽

Ewa Florek

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Arterial Blood Pressure ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Critical Review ◽

Lifestyle Modifications ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

The Impact

The metabolic syndrome is a combination of several metabolic disorders, such as cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and type 2 diabetes. Lifestyle modifications, including quitting smoking, are recommended to reduce the risk of metabolic syndrome and its associated complications. Not much research has been conducted in the field of e-cigarettes and the risk of metabolic syndrome. Furthermore, taking into account the influence of e-cigarettes vaping on the individual components of metabolic syndrome, i.e, abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and elevated arterial blood pressure, the results are also ambiguous. This article is a review and summary of existing reports on the impact of e-cigarettes on the development of metabolic syndrome as well as its individual components. A critical review for English language articles published until 30 June 2020 was made, using a PubMed (including MEDLINE), Cochrane, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science data. The current research indicated that e-cigarettes use does not affect the development of insulin resistance, but could influence the level of glucose and pre-diabetic state development. The lipid of profile an increase in the TG level was reported, while the influence on the level of concentration of total cholesterol, LDL fraction, and HDL fraction differed. In most cases, e-cigarettes use increased the risk of developing abdominal obesity or higher arterial blood pressure. Further research is required to provide more evidence on this topic.

Download Full-text

Provision of healthy school meals does not affect the metabolic syndrome score in 8–11-year-old children, but reduces cardiometabolic risk markers despite increasing waist circumference

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114514003043 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 112 (11) ◽

pp. 1826-1836 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Camilla T. Damsgaard ◽

Stine-Mathilde Dalskov ◽

Rikke P. Laursen ◽

Christian Ritz ◽

Mads F. Hjorth ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Body Composition ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Control Diet ◽

Hdl Cholesterol ◽

School Meals ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Cardiometabolic Markers

An increasing number of children are exhibiting features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) including abdominal fatness, hypertension, adverse lipid profile and insulin resistance. Healthy eating practices during school hours may improve the cardiometabolic profile, but there is a lack of evidence. In the present study, the effect of provision of school meals rich in fish, vegetables and fibre on a MetS score (primary outcome) and on individual cardiometabolic markers and body composition (secondary outcomes) was investigated in 834 Danish school children. The study was carried out as a cluster-randomised, controlled, non-blinded, cross-over trial at nine schools. Children aged 8–11 years received freshly prepared school lunch and snacks or usual packed lunch from home (control) each for 3 months. Dietary intake, physical activity, cardiometabolic markers and body composition were measured at baseline and after each dietary period. The school meals did not affect the MetS score (P= 1·00). However, it was found that mean arterial pressure was reduced by 0·4 (95 % CI 0·0, 0·8) mmHg (P= 0·04), fasting total cholesterol concentrations by 0·05 (95 % CI 0·02, 0·08) mmol/l (P= 0·001), HDL-cholesterol concentrations by 0·02 (95 % CI 0·00, 0·03) mmol/l, TAG concentrations by 0·02 (95 % CI 0·00, 0·04) mmol/l (bothP< 0·05), and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance by 0·10 (95 % CI 0·04, 0·16) points (P= 0·001) compared with the control diet in the intention-to-treat analyses. Waist circumference increased 0·5 (95 % CI 0·3, 0·7) cm (P< 0·001), but BMIz-score remained unaffected. Complete-case analyses and analyses adjusted for household educational level, pubertal status and physical activity confirmed the results. In conclusion, the school meals did not affect the MetS score in 8–11-year-olds, as small improvements in blood pressure, TAG concentrations and insulin resistance were counterbalanced by slight undesired effects on waist circumference and HDL-cholesterol concentrations.

Download Full-text

The prevalence of pediatric metabolic syndrome—a critical look on the discrepancies between definitions and its clinical importance

International Journal of Obesity ◽

10.1038/s41366-020-00713-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 45 (1) ◽

pp. 12-24

Author(s):

Carolin Reisinger ◽

Benedicta N. Nkeh-Chungag ◽

Per Morten Fredriksen ◽

Nandu Goswami

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

International Diabetes Federation ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

High Density Lipoproteins ◽

Future Research ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Definition Of

Abstract Introduction The Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) describes the clustering of cardio-metabolic risk factors—including abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, elevated blood pressure, high levels of triglycerides, and low levels of high-density lipoproteins—that increase the risk for developing cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, a generally accepted definition of MetS in pediatric patients is still lacking. Objectives The aim was to summarize current prevalence data of childhood MetS as well as to discuss the continuing disagreement between different pediatric definitions and the clinical importance of such diagnosis. Methodology A systematic literature search on the prevalence of pediatric MetS was conducted. Articles that were published during the past 5 years (2014–2019), using at least one of four predetermined classifications (International Diabetes Federation, Cook et al., Ford et al., and de Ferranti et al.), were included. Results The search resulted in 1167 articles, of which 31 publications met all inclusion criteria. Discussion The prevalence of MetS ranged between 0.3 and 26.4%, whereby the rising number of children and adolescents with MetS partly depended on the definition used. The IDF definition generally provided the lowest prevalences (0.3–9.5%), whereas the classification of de Ferranti et al. yielded the highest (4.0–26.4%). In order to develop a more valid definition, further research on long-term consequences of childhood risk factors such as abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia is needed. There is also a temptation to suggest one valid, globally accepted definition of metabolic syndrome for pediatric populations but we believe that it is more appropriate to suggest definitions of MetS that are specific to males vs. females, as well as being specific to race/ethnicity or geographic region. Finally, while this notion of definitions of MetS specific to certain subgroups is important, it still needs to be tested in future research.

Download Full-text

METABOLIC SYNDROME. ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS

Wiadomości Lekarskie ◽

10.36740/wlek202110126 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 74 (10) ◽

pp. 2510-2515

Author(s):

Inna Diemieszczyk ◽

Paulina Głuszyńska ◽

Pawel Andrzej Wojciak ◽

Jerzy Robert Ładny ◽

Hady Razak Hady

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Mass Gain ◽

Fat Tissue ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Artery Disease ◽

Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

The Impact

The aim of the study was to assess the impact of individual components of the metabolic syndrome on the human body, taking into account their etiology and pathogenesis. This article is analytical analysis of scientific and medical literature basing on aspects of the etiology and pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. The key role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome is played by insulin resistance, which may be a result of lifestyle conditions (low physical activity, overweight or obesity) or genetic background. A certain role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome is also attributed to disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the form of increased cortisol control, which may initiate the development of abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidemia. Aforementioned factors (environmental, hormonal and genetic) lead to excessive fat tissue gathering. The excess of abdominal fat tissue – abdominal obesity – leads to insulin resistance, the concentration of which causes body mass gain. Such mechanism is dangerous for our health and may lead to the occurrence of type 2 diabetes and premature development of atherosclerosis with all its consequences such as atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease.

Download Full-text

The Relationship Between Leisure-Time Physical Activity and the Metabolic Syndrome: An Examination of NHANES III, 1988-1994

Journal of Physical Activity and Health ◽

10.1123/jpah.2.4.470 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 470-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Katrina D. DuBose ◽

Cheryl L. Addy ◽

Barbara E. Ainsworth ◽

Gregory A. Hand ◽

J. Larry Durstine

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Leisure Time ◽

Leisure Time Physical Activity ◽

Smoking Status ◽

Nhanes Iii ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Low Hdl ◽

The Relationship

Background:This study was performed to determine the relationship between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and the metabolic syndrome (MS) in 16,681 adults (43 ± 0.44 y) enrolled in NHANES III.Methods:LTPA was classified as regularly active (≥ 5 d/wk moderate and/or ≥ 3 d/wk vigorous), irregularly active (some LTPA), or inactive (no LTPA). The MS was positive with three or more conditions: 1) abdominal obesity, 2) low HDL-C, 3) hypertriglyceridemia, 4) elevated blood pressure, or 5) elevated glucose. Logistic regression examined the relationship between LTPA and the MS, adjusting for age, race, smoking status, and educational attainment stratified by gender.Results:In men only, irregular activity and inactivity was related to an increase in the MS (irregular: OR = 1.52 95% CI 1.11, 1.23; inactive: OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.18, 1.98; test for trend P = 0.004). Inactivity increased the odds for abdominal obesity (P < 0.05).Conclusions:LTPA levels might influence the development of MS and abdominal obesity.

Download Full-text

Evidence of the influence of physical activity on the metabolic syndrome and/or on insulin resistance in pediatric populations: a systematic review

International Journal of Pediatric Obesity ◽

10.3109/17477166.2011.605896 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (5-6) ◽

pp. 361-388 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Benjamin C. Guinhouya ◽

Hanen Samouda ◽

Djamel Zitouni ◽

Christian Vilhelm ◽

Hervé Hubert

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Pediatric Populations

Download Full-text

Metabolic Syndrome, a Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor: Role of Adipocytokines and Impact of Diet and Physical Activity

Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1139/h04-053 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 808-829 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Lindsay E. Robinson ◽

Terry E. Graham

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Key Words Insulin ◽

Diet And Physical Activity ◽

The Impact

The metabolic syndrome comprises an array of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors such as abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance. Insulin resistance and/or increased abdominal (visceral) obesity have been suggested as potential etiological factors. More recently, increasing evidence has associated insulin resistance and subclinical inflammation involving cytokines derived from adipose tissue, or adipocytokines. Despite the fact that precise mechanisms have yet to be established, there is a significant role for both diet and physical activity to improve the many factors associated with the metabolic syndrome, including modulation of various adipocytokines. Although both diet and physical activity have been studied for their ability to modify cytokines in more traditional inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, they have been less studied in relation to inflammation as an underlying cause of the metabolic syndrome and/or CVD. A more thorough understanding of the clustering of metabolic abnormalities and their underlying etiology will help to define diet and physical activity guidelines for preventing and treating the metabolic syndrome, an important aspect of CVD prevention. This paper will address potential underlying causes of the metabolic syndrome, with a focus on the putative mechanistic role of adipocytokines, and will discuss the impact of diet and physical activity on the metabolic syndrome. Key words: insulin resistance syndrome, obesity, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle, cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, PAI-1, inflammation, nutrition, exercise

Download Full-text

ASSOCIATIONS OF IRS-1 POLYMORPHISM WITH VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF THE METABOLIC SYNDROME IN HYPERTENSIVE PATIENTS

Wiadomości Lekarskie ◽

10.36740/wlek201908115 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 72 (8) ◽

pp. 1494-1498

Author(s):

Maryna Kochuieva ◽

Valentyna Psarova ◽

Larysa Ruban ◽

Nataliia Kyrychenko ◽

Olena Alypova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Insulin Resistance ◽

Metabolic Syndrome ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Arterial Hypertension ◽

Abdominal Obesity ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Hypertensive Patients ◽

The Metabolic Syndrome

Introduction: The metabolic syndrome is one of the most discussed cross-disciplinary problems of modern medicine. Now there are various definitions and criteria of diagnostics of metabolic syndrome. The abdominal obesity is considered the main component of the metabolic syndrome, as a reflection of visceral obesity which degree is offered to be estimated on an indirect indicator – a waist circumference. Alongside with abdominal obesity, a number of classifications distinguish insulin resistance (IR) as a diagnostic criterion of metabolic syndrome. It is proved that IR is one of the pathophysiological mechanisms influencing the development and the course of arterial hypertension (AH), type 2 DM and obesity. There are two components in the development of IR: genetic (hereditary) and acquired. In spite of the fact that IR has the accurate genetic predisposition, exact genetic disorders of its appearance have not been identified yet, thus demonstrating its polygenic nature. The aim: To establish possible associations of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) gene polymorphism with the severity of the metabolic syndrome components in patients with arterial hypertension (AH). Materials and methods: 187 patients with AH aged 45-55 years and 30 healthy individuals. Methods: anthropometry, reactive hyperemia, color Doppler mapping, biochemical blood analysis, HOMA-insulin resistance (IR), glucose tolerance test, enzyme immunoassay, molecular genetic method. Results: Among hypertensive patients, 103 had abdominal obesity, 43 - type 2 diabetes, 131 - increased blood triglycerides, 19 - decreased high density lipoproteins, 59 -prediabetes (33 - fasting hyperglycemia and 26 - impaired glucose tolerance), 126 had IR. At the same time, hypertensive patients had the following distribution of IRS-1 genotypes: Gly/Gly - 47.9%, Gly/Arg - 42.2% and Arg/Arg - 10.7%, whereas in healthy individuals the distribution of genotypes was significantly different: Gly/Gly - 86.8% (p<0.01), Gly/ Arg - 9.9% (p<0.01) and Arg/Arg - 3.3% (p<0.05). Hypertensive patients with Arg/Arg and Gly/Arg genotypes had significantly higher HOMA-IR (p<0.01), glucose, insulin and triglycerides levels (p<0.05), than in Gly/Gly genotype. At the same time, body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, adiponectin, HDL, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, degree of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, as well as the frequency of occurrence of impaired glucose tolerance did not significantly differ in IRS-1 genotypes. Conclusions: in hypertensive patients, the genetic polymorphism of IRS-1 gene is associated with such components of the metabolic syndrome as hypertriglyceridemia and fasting hyperglycemia; it is not associated with proinflammatory state, endothelial dysfunction, dysglycemia, an increase in waist circumference and decrease in HDL.

Download Full-text