Relationship Between Late Breast Milk Jaundice and Human Milk Cytokine Levels

Abstract Background: The pathogenesis of breast milk jaundice (BMJ) remains unrevealed. While UGT1A1 gene has been extensively investigated in neonatal BMJ cases, the reason for down-regulation of UGT1A1 gene in neonatal BMJ has not been completely elucidated. In this research, the authors attempt to speculate whether there was some gene regulatory substance exist in human milk and result in BMJ, such as miRNA. This research aims to demonstrate the association between the profile of exosomal miRNA in human milk and the occurrence of neonate breast milk jaundice.Methods: A previous study conducted by Shanghai Children’s Medical Center of the Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and the UIB International Maternity Care Center regarding 12 mother-infant dyads were recruited from September 2016 to December 2016. The subjects were divided into two groups (BMJ and control) for exosomal miRNA screening. Four methods of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), a nanoparticle tracking analyzer (NTA), flow cytometry (FCM), and Western blotting were used to identify the exosome in human milk. Based on the previous study, this research determines the expression profile of miRNA in human milk exosomes by small RNA sequencing. Based on the biological information analysis, the authors not only screen the differentially expressed miRNA but also predict the target genes. Then, another 20 mother-infant dyads were recruited for realtime PCR assay to verify the difference of predicted microRNAs expression in breast milk exosomes and to explore the correlation between differentially expressed microRNAs in breast milk and neonatal breast milk jaundice. Results: Human milk exosomes are rich in various types of microRNA, especially let-7g-5p, let-7b-5p, has-miR-21-5p, has-miR-375, has-miR-99a-5p, et al. The predicted target genes of miR-127-3p are statistically significantly overexpressed in BMJ group, including the gene of UGT1A1 which expresses key enzyme in process of bilirubin metabolism. Conclusions: Exosomal miRNA-127-3p plays a potential effect on neonatal breast milk jaundice.

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Does the contribution of human milk oligosaccharides to the beneficial effects of breast milk allow us to hope for an improvement in infant formulas?

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.1080/10408398.2020.1761772 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-12

Author(s):

Jean-Pierre Chouraqui

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Infant Formulas ◽

Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Milk Oligosaccharides ◽

Beneficial Effects

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Bacterial Diversity of Breast Milk in Healthy Spanish Women: Evolution from Birth to Five Years Postpartum

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072414 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2414

Author(s):

Laura Sanjulián ◽

Alexandre Lamas ◽

Rocío Barreiro ◽

Alberto Cepeda ◽

Cristina A. Fente ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

16S Rrna ◽

Human Milk ◽

Alpha Diversity ◽

Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Maternal Body Mass Index ◽

16S Rrna Amplicon Sequencing ◽

Spanish Women ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

Abundant Genus

The objective of this work was to characterize the microbiota of breast milk in healthy Spanish mothers and to investigate the effects of lactation time on its diversity. A total of ninety-nine human milk samples were collected from healthy Spanish women and were assessed by means of next-generation sequencing of 16S rRNA amplicons and by qPCR. Firmicutes was the most abundant phylum, followed by Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. Accordingly, Streptococcus was the most abundant genus. Lactation time showed a strong influence in milk microbiota, positively correlating with Actinobacteria and Bacteroidetes, while Firmicutes was relatively constant over lactation. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing showed that the highest alpha-diversity was found in samples of prolonged lactation, along with wider differences between individuals. As for milk nutrients, calcium, magnesium, and selenium levels were potentially associated with Streptococcus and Staphylococcus abundance. Additionally, Proteobacteria was positively correlated with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) levels in breast milk, and Staphylococcus with conjugated linoleic acid. Conversely, Streptococcus and trans-palmitoleic acid showed a negative association. Other factors such as maternal body mass index or diet also showed an influence on the structure of these microbial communities. Overall, human milk in Spanish mothers appeared to be a complex niche shaped by host factors and by its own nutrients, increasing in diversity over time.

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COVID-19 Vaccine mRNABNT162b2 Elicits Human Antibody Response in Milk of Breastfeeding Women

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines9070785 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 785

Author(s):

Maurizio Guida ◽

Daniela Terracciano ◽

Michele Cennamo ◽

Federica Aiello ◽

Evelina La Civita ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Antibody Response ◽

Human Milk ◽

Human Antibody ◽

Serum Antibodies ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Low Concentration ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Milk Antibodies ◽

Roche Diagnostics

Objective: The objective of this research is to demonstrate the release of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) antibodies in human milk samples obtained by patients who have been vaccinated with mRNABNT162b2 vaccine. Methods: Milk and serum samples were collected in 10 volunteers 20 days after the first dose and 7 seven days after the second dose of the mRNABNT162b2 vaccine. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were measured by the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S ECLIA assay (Roche Diagnostics AG, Rotkreuz, Switzerland), a quantitative electrochemiluminescence immunometric method. Results: At first sample, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were detected in all serum samples (103.9 ± 54.9 U/mL) and only in two (40%) milk samples with a low concentration (1.2 ± 0.3 U/mL). At the second sample, collected 7 days after the second dose, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were detected in all serum samples (3875.7 ± 3504.6 UI/mL) and in all milk samples (41.5 ± 47.5 UI/mL). No correlation was found between the level of serum and milk antibodies; the milk antibodies/serum antibodies ratio was on average 2% (range: 0.2–8.4%). Conclusion: We demonstrated a release of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies in the breast milk of women vaccinated with mRNABNT162b2. Vaccinating breastfeeding women could be a strategy to protect their infants from COVID-19 infection.

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The Triad Mother-Breast Milk-Infant as Predictor of Future Health: A Narrative Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13020486 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 486 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elvira Verduci ◽

Maria Lorella Giannì ◽

Giulia Vizzari ◽

Sara Vizzuso ◽

Jacopo Cerasani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Health Outcome ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Maternal Diet ◽

Milk Composition ◽

Narrative Review ◽

Future Health ◽

Interconnected System ◽

Offspring Health ◽

Diet And Lifestyle

The benefits of human milk for both mother and infant are widely acknowledged. Human milk could represent a link between maternal and offspring health. The triad mother-breast milk-infant is an interconnected system in which maternal diet and lifestyle might have effects on infant’s health outcome. This link could be in part explained by epigenetics, even if the underlining mechanisms have not been fully clarified yet. The aim of this paper is to update the association between maternal diet and human milk, pointing out how maternal diet and lifestyle could be associated with breast-milk composition, hence with offspring’s health outcome.

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Probiotic Supplementation and Human Milk Cytokine Profiles in Japanese Women: A Retrospective Study from an Open-Label Pilot Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13072285 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 2285

Author(s):

Tomoki Takahashi ◽

Hirofumi Fukudome ◽

Hiroshi M. Ueno ◽

Shiomi Watanabe-Matsuhashi ◽

Taku Nakano ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Human Milk ◽

Regression Models ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

Pilot Trial ◽

Bacillus Coagulans ◽

Open Label ◽

Probiotic Supplementation ◽

Lactating Women ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Cytokine Levels

The benefits of probiotic supplementation to lactating mothers on human milk cytokines are inconclusive. Thus, we performed a comprehensive open-label pilot trial analysis of 27 human milk cytokines in lactating women with allergies (one to three months postpartum) to determine the effect of supplementation with a mixture of new probiotic strains. Participants voluntarily joined the probiotic (n = 41) or no supplementation control (n = 19) groups. The probiotic group took three probiotic tablets (Lactobacillus casei LC5, Bifidobacterium longum BG7, and Bacillus coagulans SANK70258) daily for one to three months postpartum. Milk samples were collected at one, two, and three months postpartum, and cytokine levels were measured using multiplex assays. The effects were analyzed using multivariate regression models. Eleven cytokines showed a positive rate of over 50% in the milk samples throughout testing in both groups. The positive rates of IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-7 changed significantly with lactation progression in logistic regression models after adjusting for time and supplementation, whereas rates of other cytokines showed no significant differences. The lactational change patterns of IL-10 concentrations differed significantly between the two groups. A short-term supplementation of probiotics affects human milk cytokine levels in lactating women with a possible placebo effect still existing. Future placebo-controlled studies are needed to support these results, based on the estimated sample sizes in this study.

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Human milk feeding and cognitive outcome in preterm infants: the role of infection and NEC reduction

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1038/s41390-021-01367-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Winok Lapidaire ◽

Alan Lucas ◽

Jonathan D. Clayden ◽

Chris Clark ◽

Mary S. Fewtrell

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Neonatal Infection ◽

Necrotising Enterocolitis ◽

Cognitive Outcome ◽

Standard Diet ◽

Risk Of Infection ◽

Verbal Iq

Abstract Background Breast milk has been associated with lower risk of infection and necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) and improved long-term cognitive outcomes in preterm infants but, if unsupplemented, does not meet the nutritional requirements of preterm infants. Methods Preterm infants were randomised to receive a high nutrient intervention diet: preterm formula (PTF) or the standard diet: term formula (TF) or banked donor breast milk (BBM), either as their sole diet or as supplement to maternal breast milk (MBM). IQ tests were performed at ages 7, 15, 20, and 30 years. Results An increase in MBM and BBM intake was associated with a lower chance of neonatal infection/NEC. Neonatal infection/NEC was associated with lower Full Scale IQ (FSIQ) and Performance IQ (PIQ) score at ages 7 and 30 years. The relationship between higher intake of MBM and PIQ at age 7 years was partly mediated by neonatal infection/NEC. The intervention diet was associated with higher Verbal IQ (VIQ) scores compared to the standard diet. There was no evidence that these effects changed from childhood through to adulthood. Conclusions Neonatal diet is an important modifiable factor that can affect long-term cognitive outcome through a ‘human milk’ factor, protecting against infection/NEC, and a ‘nutrient content’ factor. Impact This is the first study to demonstrate the effects of neonatal infection/necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) on IQ in the same cohort in childhood and adulthood. Diet can be a key factor in long-term cognitive outcome in people born preterm by preventing neonatal infection/NEC and providing adequate nutrients. Human milk, whether MBM or BBM, is associated with a reduced risk of infection/NEC. A higher nutrient diet is associated with better cognitive outcome in childhood. Performance IQ is particularly vulnerable to the effects of infection/NEC and verbal IQ to the quantity of (macro)nutrients in the diet.

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