scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccine mRNABNT162b2 Elicits Human Antibody Response in Milk of Breastfeeding Women

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 785
Author(s):  
Maurizio Guida ◽  
Daniela Terracciano ◽  
Michele Cennamo ◽  
Federica Aiello ◽  
Evelina La Civita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Human Antibody ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Low Concentration ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Antibodies ◽  
Roche Diagnostics

Objective: The objective of this research is to demonstrate the release of SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) antibodies in human milk samples obtained by patients who have been vaccinated with mRNABNT162b2 vaccine. Methods: Milk and serum samples were collected in 10 volunteers 20 days after the first dose and 7 seven days after the second dose of the mRNABNT162b2 vaccine. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were measured by the Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S ECLIA assay (Roche Diagnostics AG, Rotkreuz, Switzerland), a quantitative electrochemiluminescence immunometric method. Results: At first sample, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were detected in all serum samples (103.9 ± 54.9 U/mL) and only in two (40%) milk samples with a low concentration (1.2 ± 0.3 U/mL). At the second sample, collected 7 days after the second dose, anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies were detected in all serum samples (3875.7 ± 3504.6 UI/mL) and in all milk samples (41.5 ± 47.5 UI/mL). No correlation was found between the level of serum and milk antibodies; the milk antibodies/serum antibodies ratio was on average 2% (range: 0.2–8.4%). Conclusion: We demonstrated a release of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies in the breast milk of women vaccinated with mRNABNT162b2. Vaccinating breastfeeding women could be a strategy to protect their infants from COVID-19 infection.

scholarly journals Use of Moraxella catarrhalis Lipooligosaccharide Mutants To Identify Specific Oligosaccharide Epitopes Recognized by Human Serum Antibodies

2009 ◽  
Vol 77 (10) ◽  
pp. 4548-4558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna M. Schwingel ◽  
Katie J. Edwards ◽  
Andrew D. Cox ◽  
Hussein Masoud ◽  
James C. Richards ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Human Antibody ◽  
Serum Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Carbohydrate Epitopes ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT Moraxella catarrhalis is a causative agent of otitis media in children and lower respiratory tract infections in adults suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). This strict human pathogen continues to be a significant cause of disease in this broad spectrum of patients because there is no available vaccine. Although numerous putative vaccine antigens have been described, little is known about the human immune response to M. catarrhalis infection in vivo. Human serum antibodies are directed at a number of surface proteins, and lipooligosaccharides (LOS) and detoxified LOS may be an effective immunogen in mice. In this study, we used a specific LOS-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), containing the three major M. catarrhalis serotypes together with a complete series of truncated LOS mutants, to detect the development of new antibodies to specific regions of the oligosaccharide molecule. We compared serum samples from COPD patients who had recently cleared an M. catarrhalis infection to serum samples collected prior to their infection. Variability in the antibody response to LOS was observed, as some patients developed serotype-specific antibodies, others developed antibodies to the LOS of each serotype, others developed broadly cross-reactive antibodies, and some did not develop new antibodies. These newly developed human antibodies are directed at both side chains and core structures in the LOS molecule. This LOS-based ELISA can be used to dissect the human antibody response to both internal and external carbohydrate epitopes, thus providing a better understanding of the humoral immune response to M. catarrhalis LOS epitopes developed during natural infection.

Human Breast Milk Contains Bovine lgG. Relationship to Infant Colic?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-444
Author(s):  
Patrick S. Clyne ◽  
Anthony Kulczycki
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Infant Colic ◽  
Β Lactoglobulin

Previous studies have suggested that an unidentified cow's milk protein, other than β-lactoglobulin and casein, might play a pathogenetic role in infant colic. Therefore, a radioimmunoassay was used to analyze human breast milk and infant formula samples for the presence of bovine IgG. Milk samples from 88 of the 97 mothers tested contained greater than 0.1 µg/mL of bovine IgG. In a study group of 59 mothers with infants in the colic-prone 2- to 17-week age group, the 29 mothers of colicky infants had higher levels of bovine IgG in their breast milk (median 0.42 µg/mL) than the 30 mothers of noncolicky infants (median 0.32 µg/mL) (P < .02). The highest concentrations of bovine IgG observed in human milk were 8.5 and 8.2 µg/mL. Most cow's milk-based infant formulas contained 0.6 to 6.4 µg/mL of bovine IgG, a concentration comparable with levels found in many human milk samples. The results suggest that appreciable quantities of bovine IgG are commonly present in human milk, that significantly higher levels are present in milk from mothers of colicky infants, and that bovine IgG may possibly be involved in the pathogenesis of infant colic.

Distribution of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein H Genotypes in Different Samples from Chinese Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Li ◽  
Lu-Yan Chen ◽  
Ran Tao ◽  
Shi-Qiang Shang
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Throat Swab ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Predominant Genotype ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Glycoprotein H

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate characteristics of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein H (gH) genotypes in urine, throat swab, and serum from children and breast milk from children's mothers. Methods Fresh urine samples, throat swabs, or serum samples from children and breast milk samples from children's mothers were collected for HCMV DNA detection. The positive samples of HCMV DNA were further detected by fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with gH typing. Results Of 1,703 HCMV DNA-positive samples, the highest proportion (83.3%, 85/102) of children aged between 21 days and 3 months was detected positive in breast milk samples (p = 0.002), and the highest proportion (70.5%, 110/156) of children aged above 3 months was detected positive in throat swab samples (p = 0.002). HCMV in throat swab specimens is mainly high copy (p < 0.0001), and low-copy HCMV is prevalent in breast specimens (p < 0.0001). Among them, 1,059 samples were identified as gH1 genotype, 530 samples were gH2, and 114 samples were coinfection (gH1/2). There had the highest gH2 rates (32.3%) and lowest gH1 (61.0%) rates in urine samples (p = 0.041), whereas the highest gH1 rates (71.6%) and lowest gH2 rates (19.6%) were found in breast milk samples (p = 0.032). Concerning age groups, patients aged between 21 days and 3 months had the highest gH1 proportion (p = 0.017), while patients aged above 3 months had the highest gH1 and gH2 HCMV coinfection proportion (p = 0.002). Among 43 pairs of maternal and child samples corresponding to positive samples, gH genotype of 35 pairs of samples was consistent with a rate of 81.4%. Conclusion gH1 is the predominant genotype of HCMV in each kind of sample in China. However, the distribution of the HCMV gH genotype is different among different samples.

scholarly journals Human Milk Composition and Dietary Intakes of Breastfeeding Women of Different Ethnicity from the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of New Zealand

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Butts ◽  
Duncan Hedderley ◽  
Thanuja Herath ◽  
Gunaranjan Paturi ◽  
Sarah Glyn-Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Food Diary ◽  
Milk Samples

Human milk is nutrient rich, complex in its composition, and is key to a baby’s health through its role in nutrition, gastrointestinal tract and immune development. Seventy-eight mothers (19–42 years of age) of Asian, Māori, Pacific Island, or of European ethnicity living in Manawatu-Wanganui, New Zealand (NZ) completed the study. The women provided three breast milk samples over a one-week period (6–8 weeks postpartum), completed a three-day food diary and provided information regarding their pregnancy and lactation experiences. The breast milk samples were analyzed for protein, fat, fatty acid profile, ash, selected minerals (calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc), and carbohydrates. Breast milk nutrient profiles showed no significant differences between the mothers of different ethnicities in their macronutrient (protein, fat, carbohydrate, and moisture) content. The breast milk of Asian mothers contained significantly higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and linoleic acids. Arachidonic acid was significantly lower in the breast milk of Māori and Pacific Island women. Dietary intakes of protein, total energy, saturated and polyunsaturated fat, calcium, phosphorus, zinc, iodine, vitamin A equivalents, and folate differed between the ethnic groups, as well as the number of serves of dairy foods, chicken, and legumes. No strong correlations between dietary nutrients and breast milk components were found.

Cerium in human milk samples and its transfer from blood to milk: Is there an elevated nutritional risk for breast-fed babies?

2011 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Michalke ◽  
Montserrat González-Estecha ◽  
Elena M. Trasobares ◽  
Miguel Angel Herraiz ◽  
Augusto Giussani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Fission Products ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
Endomyocardial Fibrosis ◽  
Limit Of Quantification ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Paired Serum ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Breast Fed

The general population is increasingly exposed to cerium (Ce), which is contained in industrial products or is present as nuclear Ce fission products. Some studies suggested a link between elevated Ce levels and endomyocardial fibrosis. Since breast milk is the optimal, and directly after birth, usually the sole nutrition for newborns, exposure of females to Ce and its transfer to infants by breast-feeding is of concern in neonate protection. Consequently, the transfer rate of Ce from blood to breast milk is of interest for elucidating the Ce exposure of infants. Biomonitoring of paired serum and breast milk samples provides such information about Ce transfer to human milk. Therefore, this study is aimed at clarification of the relationship between Ce in human milk and serum from respective mothers for elucidating Ce enrichment in human milk with possible nutritional risk for newborns. As a prerequisite a strictly quality-controlled Ce determination method applicable to very low Ce concentration was developed, and its figures of merit were determined and found to be sufficient for our purpose. It turned out that Ce concentration in milk from Munich (Germany) and Madrid (Spain) showed a median of 13 ng/L. Ce concentrations in serum were at limit of quantification (LOQ) 10 ng/L (Munich) or 21.6–70.3 ng/L (Madrid), suggesting a higher Ce intake in Madrid. No enrichment from blood to milk was seen, and no elevated nutritional risk for breast-fed babies from Ce was found. Ce in serum, but not in milk, could indicate environmental Ce.

scholarly journals Prebiotic consumption in pregnant and lactating women increases IL-27 expression in human milk

2013 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Kubota ◽  
Naoki Shimojo ◽  
Ken Nonaka ◽  
Masakatsu Yamashita ◽  
Osamu Ohara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Lactating Women ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
And Control ◽  
Allergic Disorders

The consumption of probiotics by pregnant and lactating women may prevent the onset of allergic disorders in their children by increasing the concentrations of immunoactive agents such as cytokines in breast milk. Prebiotics such as fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) increase the number of beneficial organisms such as bifidobacteria. Thus, prebiotics may have an effect similar to that of probiotics. The objective of the present study was to carry out a comprehensive analysis of mRNA expression in human milk cells to identify changes in the concentrations of cytokines in breast milk after the consumption of FOS (4 g × 2 times/d) by pregnant and lactating women. The microarray analysis of human milk cells demonstrated that the expression levels of five genes in colostrum samples and fourteen genes in 1-month breast milk samples differed more than 3-fold between the FOS and control groups (sucrose group). The mRNA expression level of IL-27, a cytokine associated with immunoregulatory function, was significantly higher in 1-month breast milk samples obtained from the FOS group than in those obtained from the control group. In addition, the protein concentrations of IL-27 in colostrum and 1-month breast milk samples were significantly higher in the FOS group than in the control group. In conclusion, the consumption of FOS by pregnant and lactating women increases the production of IL-27 in breast milk. Future studies will address the association of this phenomenon with the onset of allergic disorders in children.

scholarly journals Knowledge and Attitude of Lactating Mothers and Health Professionals Towards Pasteurized Donor Human Milk Banking: A Preliminary Study on the Feasibility of Establishing Donor Human Milk Banking in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Selected Hospitals in Addis Ababa

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Adane A
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Health Professionals ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Donor Human Milk ◽  
Human Milk Banking ◽  
Milk Banking ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

Background: Breast milk provides the optimal nutrition for growing infants. This is because it contains all the nutrients a baby needs in exactly the right proportions. It also contains biologically active live cells which promote health and helps to develop a passive acquired immunity by transferring antibodies developed by the mother. But, there are a large group of infants such as; pre-term, low birth weight and ill infants who are unable to breastfeed. On such condition, WHO recommends pasteurized donor human milk as the next best feeding option? However, its use is limited to industrialized countries and few developing countries. Thus, this study was designed to generate preliminary information on the knowledge and acceptability of pasteurized donor human milk banking. Methods: An institutional based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted to analyze the knowledge and attitude of mothers and health professional towards pasteurized donor human milk banking. In addition, the microbial safety of raw and pasteurized breast milk stored at -20 0C for 60 days was studied. Moreover, the flavor change of raw and pasteurized breast milk over 60 days of storage time was assessed. Result: Small number of mothers (5%) ever heard about donor human milk banking. About 53.7% of health professionals did not know donor human milk banking. All health professionals use infant formula as alternative to breast milk when mother unable to breastfeed. Only 20% of study mothers could accept feeding their baby donor human milk by physician prescription. Safety or fear of transfer of disease (85.1%) was the main factor for mothers not interested to feed their baby donor human milk. On the contrary, about two-third of study mothers were willing to donate their breast milk if human milk banking will be established. Three-fourth of health professionals believed that it is feasible to establish pasteurized donor human milk banking. Lack of knowledge about its safety by mothers and health professionals is the major challenge in establishing pasteurized donor human milk banking. In pasteurized breast milk sample stored at -20 0C (deep freezer) for 60 days no bacterial growth was detected. However, in raw breast milk samples a mean of 4.66 log10 CFU/ml of total aerobic plate count, 3.22 log10 CFU/ml of Enterobacteriaceae, 3.49 log10 CFU/ml of Staphylococcus aureus were detected. Within 60 days of storage time, pasteurized milk samples did not devolve off flavor. However raw breast milk samples developed off flavor. Conclusion: the present study showed that majority (95%) of mothers never heard about pasteurized donor human milk banking and substantial number (80%) of mothers did not went to feed their baby even after short description due to fear to transfer of disease. Additionally, more than half of health professionals never heard about pasteurized donor human milk banking. Similarly, fear of disease transfer and safety during processing of pasteurized donor human milk banking is the major concern mentioned by most health professionals on its acceptability. In our microbiological analysis Within 60 days of storage time pasteurized donor human milk was bacteriological safe and has acceptable sensory quality.

scholarly journals COVID-19 mRNA vaccine is not detected in human milk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yarden Golan ◽  
Mary Prahl ◽  
Arianna Cassidy ◽  
Christine Y. Lin ◽  
Nadav Ahituv ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Milk Samples

AbstractSeveral countries have recently approved the use of mRNA vaccines against COVID-19 under an emergency use authorization. However, no pregnant or lactating individuals were included in the Phase 3 clinical trials of these vaccines despite belonging to a group at high risk for severe complications of COVID-19 infection. We show here that the mRNA from anti-COVID BNT162b2 (Pfizer) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccines is not detected in human breast milk samples collected 4-48 hours post-vaccine. These results strengthen the recommendation of ABM and WHO that lactating individuals who receive the anti-COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccine should continue to breastfeed their infants uninterrupted.

Characteristics of Human Breast Milk Based on Infant’s Gender

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-10
Author(s):  
Moudah Alhindi ◽  
Hadohum Musallam ◽  
Esam Elhefian
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Physicochemical Properties ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Human Breast ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Complex Fluid ◽  
Infant Sex ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Human milk is a complex fluid, which contains a number of constituents such as fats, proteins and vitamins, in addition to other compounds. These nutrients are needed for infant protection against infections and diseases. This study was undertaken to evaluate some physicochemical properties and biochemical constituents content of human milk samples (based on the gender of the breast feeding infant). This includes acidity, density and viscosity, as well as lactose, protein, calcium and magnesium contents. Results showed that the highest value of viscosity as well as the highest percentages of protein and acidity were recorded for human breast milk for a boy (2.212 cP, 1.237% and 0.02% respectively) while close values for density and other biochemical contents were recorded for both types of samples. However, only the change in viscosity was found to be significant (p?0.05). Variations in some properties of human milk depending on the infant' sex could be of benefit for developing infant formula taking infant’s gender into consideration.

scholarly journals Breast milk fatty acid composition and fatty acid intake of lactating mothers in South Korea

2017 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 556-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyesook Kim ◽  
Sujeong Kang ◽  
Byung-Moon Jung ◽  
Hyunju Yi ◽  
Ji A. Jung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Dietary Intakes ◽  
Food Record ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fa Composition

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid (FA) composition of breast milk, and its association with mothers’ FA intake. Milk samples were obtained from 238 healthy lactating women who volunteered to participate in the Human Milk Micronutrients Analysis Research. Dietary intake during lactation was assessed using a 3-d food record, and fat content and FA composition of the breast milk samples were analysed by IR spectrometry using MilkoScan FT2 and GC flame ionisation detector, respectively. The fat content was 3·31 (sd 1·41) g/100 ml breast milk. The concentrations of arachidonic acid (20 : 4 n-6), EPA (20 : 5 n-3) and DHA (22 : 6 n-3) in breast milk were 0·48 (sd 0·13), 0·15 (sd 0·12) and 0·67 (sd 0·47) % of total FA, respectively. Fat content and FA composition of breast milk were associated with maternal age, BMI, supplement use and infant age. Dietary intakes of EPA, DHA, n-3 FA, n-6 FA, SFA and PUFA were positively correlated with the corresponding FA in the milk samples. FA levels in breast milk and maternal diet are highly correlated. Further studies are warranted to explore factors that may be associated with changes in FA composition in human milk.

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