scholarly journals Developmental programming of offspring adipose tissue biology and obesity risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Rodgers ◽  
Amanda N. Sferruzzi-Perri
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Tissue Biology ◽  
And Function

AbstractObesity is reaching epidemic proportions and imposes major negative health crises and an economic burden in both high and low income countries. The multifaceted nature of obesity represents a major health challenge, with obesity affecting a variety of different organs and increases the risk of many other noncommunicable diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, fatty liver disease, dementia, cardiovascular diseases, and even cancer. The defining organ of obesity is the adipose tissue, highlighting the need to more comprehensively understand the development and biology of this tissue to understand the pathogenesis of obesity. Adipose tissue is a miscellaneous and highly plastic endocrine organ. It comes in many different sizes and shades and is distributed throughout many different locations in the body. Though its development begins prenatally, quite uniquely, it has the capacity for unlimited growth throughout adulthood. Adipose tissue is also a highly sexually dimorphic tissue, patterning men and women in different ways, which means the risks associated with obesity are also sexually dimorphic. Recent studies show that environmental factors during prenatal and early stages of postnatal development have the capacity to programme the structure and function of adipose tissue, with implications for the development of obesity. This review summarizes the evidence for a role for early environmental factors, such as maternal malnutrition, hypoxia, and exposure to excess hormones and endocrine disruptors during gestation in the programming of adipose tissue and obesity in the offspring. We will also discuss the complexity of studying adipose tissue biology and the importance of appreciating nuances in adipose tissue, such as sexual dimorphism and divergent responses to metabolic and endocrine stimuli. Given the rising levels of obesity worldwide, understanding how environmental conditions in early life affects adipose tissue phenotype and the subsequent development of obesity is of absolute importance.

Abstract P140: High Poverty Among Patients With Noncommunicable Diseases in Rural Haiti

Circulation ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 137 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gene F Kwan ◽  
Benito Isaac ◽  
Lily Yan ◽  
Waking Jean-Baptiste ◽  
Densa Belony ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Child Death ◽  
Health Spending ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Catastrophic Health Spending ◽  
Poverty Indicators ◽  
Clinic Visits

Background: Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are a major and growing cause of death and disability in low-income countries, and contribute a substantial portion of outpatient clinic visits. Poverty can be a major barrier to accessing healthcare in rural low-income countries. The objective of this study is to describe the demographics and socioeconomic status of patients attending an NCD clinic in rural Haiti, where poverty is highly prevalent. Methods: We analyzed routinely collected clinic data from adult patients in rural Haiti presenting to the NCD clinic at Hôpital Universitaire de Mirebalais. We collected data during routine initial clinic visits from July 2013 through October 2016. We performed descriptive statistics to assess patient demographics and socioeconomic status using available data. We evaluated poverty based on the Multidimensional Poverty Index by evaluating 9 indicators within three dimensions: health, education, and standard of living - we did not assess electricity. We assessed deprivation within each indicator. The “poorest” patients were defined as those deprived in 4 of the 9 poverty indicators. We also assessed measures of catastrophic health spending. Results: A total of 518 adults were included, with 72% (373/508) women. The mean overall age was 52.8 years (SD 14.7) and 21% (108/518) were 40 years old or younger. Of the patients, 32% had only hypertension, 18% had only diabetes, 32% had both diabetes and hypertension, 5% had heart failure, and 13% had no recorded diagnosis. 45% of patients travel more than 1 hour for clinic visits. Almost half (49%, 146/296) of adults sold belongings and 61% (178/292) borrowed money to pay for healthcare. Among the poverty measures, the top indicators with deprivation were cooking fuel with charcoal or wood (96%, 290/302), child death in household (70%, 169/243), and no household members completing primary school (25%, 83/324), lack of household assets (25%, 79/313), poor sanitation (19%, 59/304), dirt floor (16%, 50/304), and lack of improved drinking water (9%, 29/308). Of all patients, 21% (78/378) were among the poorest. Throughout Haiti, however, 55% of the population are among the poorest. There were more patients among the poorest living closer to the hospital (27%) than living farther away (10%). Interpretation: The great majority of patients were middle-aged women, with predominantly hypertension and/or diabetes. Socioeconomic deprivation was high among many poverty indicators and most patients experienced catastrophic health spending. At this clinic in rural Haiti, the proportion of patients presenting for care who are among the poorest is less than that overall in Haiti. Patients who travel far distances have less poverty. Health systems for chronic disease management in rural low-income countries must account for patient poverty.

scholarly journals Non-Viable Lactobacillus johnsonii JNU3402 Protects against Diet-Induced Obesity

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1494
Author(s):  
Garam Yang ◽  
Eunjeong Hong ◽  
Sejong Oh ◽  
Eungseok Kim
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Normal Diet ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Lactobacillus Johnsonii ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
And Function

In this study, the role of non-viable Lactobacillus johnsonii JNU3402 (NV-LJ3402) in diet-induced obesity was investigated in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). To determine whether NV-LJ3402 exhibits a protective effect against diet-induced obesity, 7-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet, an HFD, or an HFD with NV-LJ3402 for 14 weeks. NV-LJ3402 administration was associated with a significant reduction in body weight gain and in liver, epididymal, and inguinal white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue weight in HFD-fed mice. Concomitantly, NV-LJ3402 administration to HFD-fed mice also decreased the triglyceride levels in the plasma and metabolic tissues and slightly improved insulin resistance. Furthermore, NV-LJ3402 enhanced gene programming for energy dissipation in the WATs of HFD-fed mice as well as in 3T3-L1 adipocytes with increased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) transcriptional activity, suggesting that the PPARγ pathway plays a key role in mediating the anti-obesity effect of NV-LJ3402 in HFD-fed mice. Furthermore, NV-LJ3402 administration in HFD-fed mice enhanced mitochondrial levels and function in WATs and also increased the body temperature upon cold exposure. Together, these results suggest that NV-LJ3402 could be safely used to develop dairy products that ameliorate diet-induced obesity and hyperlipidemia.

scholarly journals Physical Activity and Associated Socioeconomic Determinants in Rural and Urban Tanzania: Results from the 2012 WHO-STEPS Survey

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fredirick L. Mashili ◽  
Gibson B. Kagaruki ◽  
Joseph Mbatia ◽  
Alphoncina Nanai ◽  
Grace Saguti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Physical Inactivity ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Steps Survey

Background. Physical inactivity contributes to the rising prevalence of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Given the rapidly increasing prevalence of NCDs in Low-Income Countries (LICs), comprehensive evaluation and documentation of physical activity (PA) status in this setting are crucial. Methods. We examined the demographic and social-economic antecedents of PA among adults (5398) from the 2012 Tanzania STEPS survey data. Statistical significance at the level of 0.05 was used to measure the strength of associations. Results. Majority of study participants attained the WHO-recommended levels of physical activity (96.7%). Levels were higher among those living in rural than in urban settings (98% versus 92%,  p<0.0001) and generally, urban residency, female gender, higher education achievement, and employment were significantly associated with low levels of PA. Participation in the different domains of PA (work, transport, and recreational) varied with living setting, levels of education, and employment status. Conclusion. These results describe PA status and associated social-economic determinants among adults in rural and urban Tanzania. The findings contribute to the growing evidence that implicates urbanization as a key driver for the growing prevalence of physical inactivity in LICs and underscore the need for tailored PA interventions based on demography and social-economic factors.

scholarly journals Rumor surveillance in support of minimally invasive tissue sampling for diagnosing the cause of child death in low-income countries: A qualitative study

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0244552
Author(s):  
Md Saiful Islam ◽  
Abdullah Al-Masud ◽  
Maria Maixenchs ◽  
Saquina Cossa ◽  
Rui Guilaze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minimally Invasive ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Child Death ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Tissue Sampling ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Tissue Specimens

In low-and middle-income countries, determining the cause of death of any given individual is impaired by poor access to healthcare systems, resource-poor diagnostic facilities, and limited acceptance of complete diagnostic autopsies. Minimally invasive tissue sampling (MITS), an innovative post-mortem procedure based on obtaining tissue specimens using fine needle biopsies suitable for laboratory analysis, is an acceptable proxy of the complete diagnostic autopsy, and thus could reduce the uncertainty of cause of death. This study describes rumor surveillance activities developed and implemented in Bangladesh, Mali, and Mozambique to identify, track and understand rumors about the MITS procedure. Our surveillance activities included observations and interviews with stakeholders to understand how rumors are developed and spread and to anticipate rumors in the program areas. We also engaged young volunteers, local stakeholders, community leaders, and study staff to report rumors being spread in the community after MITS launch. Through community meetings, we also managed and responded to rumors. When a rumor was reported, the field team purposively conducted interviews and group discussions to track, verify and understand the rumor. From July 2016 through April 2018, the surveillance identified several rumors including suspicions of organs being harvested or transplanted; MITS having been performed on a living child, and concerns related to disrespecting the body and mistrust related to the study purpose. These rumors, concerns, and cues of mistrust were passed by word of mouth. We managed the rumors by modifying the consent protocol and giving additional information and support to the bereaved family and to the community members. Rumor surveillance was critical for anticipating and readily identifying rumors and managing them. Setting up rumor surveillance by engaging community residents, stakeholders, and volunteers could be an essential part of any public health program where there is a need to identify and react in real-time to public concern.

How is magnetic resonance imaging used in Iran?

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (04) ◽  
pp. 452-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Palesh ◽  
Sten Fredrikson ◽  
Hamidreza Jamshidi ◽  
Goran Tomson ◽  
Max Petzold
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Spinal Column ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Utilization Patterns ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Almost All

Objectives:Analysis of and understanding the utilization patterns of diagnostic imaging technologies is important for planning health systems especially in middle- and low-income countries. Almost all published studies have been focused on utilization trends or utilization rates of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over time and little has been published about utilization patterns of MRI. This study aims to identify and describe the utilization pattern of MRI in Iran.Methods:Data was collected from referrals and MRI reports of the population covered by one of the largest insurance organizations (Social Security Organization [SSO]) with more than 27 million beneficiaries in the Country. We focused on patients who had undergone an MRI examination during 1 month (October 13 to November 12), 2005. The data collected consisted of 1,656 referrals for MR imaging and 1,547 MRI reports.Results:No clear association was found between the number of referrals per 100,000 population and the number of MRI machines per 100,000 population (r = 0.30;p= .13). Neurosurgeons, orthopedists, and neurologists contributed to more than 88 percent of MRI utilization. The Spinal column (55 percent), brain (25.5 percent), and knee (11.0 percent) were the most common parts of the body scanned by MRI.Conclusions:Having identified some of the most frequent users of MRI technology, any plan for modifying or improving MRI use should focus mainly on these specialties. International evidence on using the technology for examining brain and spine indicate that MRI is mainly used in diagnosing the central nervous system (CNS) diseases.

scholarly journals Rate of replenishment and microenvironment contribute to the sexually dimorphic phenotype and function of peritoneal macrophages

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (48) ◽  
pp. eabc4466 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Bain ◽  
D. A. Gibson ◽  
N. J. Steers ◽  
K. Boufea ◽  
P. A. Louwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Immune Surveillance ◽  
Peritoneal Macrophages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Differential Rate ◽  
Mapping Techniques ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Impact

Macrophages reside in the body cavities where they maintain serosal homeostasis and provide immune surveillance. Peritoneal macrophages are implicated in the etiology of pathologies including peritonitis, endometriosis, and metastatic cancer; thus, understanding the factors that govern their behavior is vital. Using a combination of fate mapping techniques, we have investigated the impact of sex and age on murine peritoneal macrophage differentiation, turnover, and function. We demonstrate that the sexually dimorphic replenishment of peritoneal macrophages from the bone marrow, which is high in males and very low in females, is driven by changes in the local microenvironment that arise upon sexual maturation. Population and single-cell RNA sequencing revealed marked dimorphisms in gene expression between male and female peritoneal macrophages that was, in part, explained by differences in composition of these populations. By estimating the time of residency of different subsets within the cavity and assessing development of dimorphisms with age and in monocytopenic Ccr2−/− mice, we demonstrate that key sex-dependent features of peritoneal macrophages are a function of the differential rate of replenishment from the bone marrow, whereas others are reliant on local microenvironment signals. We demonstrate that the dimorphic turnover of peritoneal macrophages contributes to differences in the ability to protect against pneumococcal peritonitis between the sexes. These data highlight the importance of considering both sex and age in susceptibility to inflammatory and infectious diseases.

scholarly journals Vascular Ageing and Exercise: Focus on Cellular Reparative Processes

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark D. Ross ◽  
Eva Malone ◽  
Geraint Florida-James
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Noncommunicable Diseases ◽  
Regular Exercise ◽  
Vascular Ageing ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
And Function ◽  
Endothelial Homeostasis ◽  
Endothelial Precursors

Ageing is associated with an increased risk of developing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). The increased risk can be attributable to increased prolonged exposure to oxidative stress. Often, CVD is preceded by endothelial dysfunction, which carries with it a proatherothrombotic phenotype. Endothelial senescence and reduced production and release of nitric oxide (NO) are associated with “vascular ageing” and are often accompanied by a reduced ability for the body to repair vascular damage, termed “reendothelialization.” Exercise has been repeatedly shown to confer protection against CVD and diabetes risk and incidence. Regular exercise promotes endothelial function and can prevent endothelial senescence, often through a reduction in oxidative stress. Recently, endothelial precursors, endothelial progenitor cells (EPC), have been shown to repair damaged endothelium, and reduced circulating number and/or function of these cells is associated with ageing. Exercise can modulate both number and function of these cells to promote endothelial homeostasis. In this review we look at the effects of advancing age on the endothelium and these endothelial precursors and how exercise appears to offset this “vascular ageing” process.

scholarly journals Large retroperitoneal hematoma following vaginal delivery: a case report

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Raha Maroyi ◽  
Nyakio Ngeleza ◽  
Kiminyi Kalunga ◽  
Cikwanine Buhendwa ◽  
Usama Shahid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaginal Delivery ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Iliac Fossa ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Abdominal Ultrasound ◽  
The Body ◽  
Retroperitoneal Hematoma ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Left Iliac Fossa

Abstract Background Retroperitoneal hematoma after vaginal delivery is rare but can lead to maternal morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis of this condition is challenging due to its complexity and its nonspecific signs and symptoms. To date, studies and case reports regarding retroperitoneal hematoma are few, particularly in low-income countries where risk factors for this condition may be more prevalent and the prognosis poorer. Case presentation We report the case of a 37-year-old multiparous african (Congolese) woman who presented to the emergency department of a large referral hospital in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), 2 weeks after a spontaneous nontraumatic vaginal delivery. She had abdominal pain that began immediately after delivery and progressed throughout the postpartum period. The patient had anemia, hypotension, tachycardia, and a left costo-lumbar arch distorting the body shape on a soft and depressed abdomen. She had visited a private clinic on days 3 and 7 postpartum; however, signs and symptoms of retroperitoneal hematoma went unrecognized. Using abdominal ultrasound, we diagnosed an extensive hematoma in the retroperitoneal space from the left iliac fossa to the left flank. Laparotomy was performed to evacuate the hematoma, and the patient recovered. Conclusion Retroperitoneal hematoma following a nontraumatic vaginal delivery is an unusual situation in general obstetrical practice. The knowledge of this potentially life-threatening condition in resource-limited settings enables effective diagnosis and management by ultrasound and laparotomy.

scholarly journals Probing for stomach using the Focused Impedance Method (FIM)

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-82
Author(s):  
Rashida Haque ◽  
Muhammad Abdul Kadir ◽  
K Siddique-e Rabbani
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Measurement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Impedance Method ◽  
Impedance Tomography ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Sensitivity Equations ◽  
Element Simulation

Abstract For probing deep organs of the body using electrical impedance, the conventional method is to use Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT). However, this would be a sophisticated machine and will be very expensive when a full 3D EIT is developed in the future. Furthermore, for most low income countries such expensive devices may not deliver the benefits to a large number of people. Therefore, this paper suggests the use of simpler techniques like Tetrapolar Impedance Measurement (TPIM) or Focused Impedance Method (FIM) in probing deeper organs. Following a method suggested earlier by one of the authors, this paper studies the possibility of using TPIM and FIM for the stomach. Using a simplified model of the human trunk with an embedded stomach, a finite element simulation package, COMSOL, was used to obtain transfer impedance values and percentage contribution of the stomach region in the total impedance. For this work, judicious placement of electrodes through qualitative visualizations based on point sensitivity equations and equipotential concepts were made, which showed that reasonable contribution of the stomach region is possible through the use of TPIM and FIM. The contributions were a little over 20% which is of similar order of the cross-sectional area percentage of the stomach with respect to that of the trunk. For the case where the conductivity of the stomach region was assumed about 4 times higher, the contributions increased to about 38%. Through further studies this proposed methods may contribute greatly in the study of deeper organs of the body.

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