scholarly journals Visualization of supercritical water pseudo-boiling at Widom line crossover

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florentina Maxim ◽  
Cristian Contescu ◽  
Pierre Boillat ◽  
Bojan Niceno ◽  
Konstantinos Karalis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Water ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Neutron Imaging ◽  
Materials Synthesis ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Widom Line

Abstract Supercritical water is a green solvent used in many technological applications including materials synthesis, nuclear engineering, bioenergy, or waste treatment and it occurs in nature. Despite its relevance in natural systems and technical applications, the supercritical state of water is still not well understood. Recent theories predict that liquid-like (LL) and gas-like (GL) supercritical water are metastable phases, and that the so-called Widom line zone is marking the crossover between LL and GL behavior of water. With neutron imaging techniques, we succeed to monitor density fluctuations of supercritical water while the system evolves rapidly from LL to GL as the Widom line is crossed during isobaric heating. Our observations show that the Widom line of water can be identified experimentally and they are in agreement with the current theory of supercritical fluid pseudo-boiling. This fundamental understanding allows optimizing and developing new technologies using supercritical water as a solvent.

scholarly journals Supercritical water anomalies in the vicinity of the Widom line

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Konstantinos Karalis ◽  
Christian Ludwig ◽  
Bojan Niceno
Keyword(s):  
Supercritical Water ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Density Fluctuations ◽  
Anomalous Behaviour ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Interatomic Potentials ◽  
Homogeneous Fluid ◽  
Widom Line ◽  
Scale Inhomogeneity ◽  
Dynamics Simulations

Abstract Supercritical water is used in a variety of chemical and industrial applications. As a consequence, a detailed knowledge of the structure-properties correlations is of uttermost importance. Although supercritical water was considered as a homogeneous fluid, recent studies revealed an anomalous behaviour due to nanoscale density fluctuations (inhomogeneity). The inhomogeneity is clearly demarked through the Widom line (maxima in response factions) and drastically affect the properties. In the current study the physical properties of supercritical water have been determined by classical molecular dynamics simulations using a variety of polarized and polarizable interatomic potentials. Their validity which was not available at supercritical conditions has been assessed based on the ability to reproduce experimental data. Overall, the polarized TIP4P/2005 model accurately predicted the properties of water in both liquid-like and gas-like regions. All interatomic potentials captured the anomalous behaviour providing a direct evidence of molecular-scale inhomogeneity.

Mass Spectrometry for Proteomics and Recent Developments in ESI, MALDI and other Ionization Methodologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 267-276
Author(s):  
Qurat ul Ain Farooq ◽  
Noor ul Haq ◽  
Abdul Aziz ◽  
Sara Aimen ◽  
Muhammad Inam ul Haq
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Electrospray Ionization ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Desorption Electrospray Ionization ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Enhanced Sensitivity ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Way

Background: Mass spectrometry is a tool used in analytical chemistry to identify components in a chemical compound and it is of tremendous importance in the field of biology for high throughput analysis of biomolecules, among which protein is of great interest. Objective: Advancement in proteomics based on mass spectrometry has led the way to quantify multiple protein complexes, and proteins interactions with DNA/RNA or other chemical compounds which is a breakthrough in the field of bioinformatics. Methods: Many new technologies have been introduced in electrospray ionization (ESI) and Matrixassisted Laser Desorption/Ionization (MALDI) techniques which have enhanced sensitivity, resolution and many other key features for the characterization of proteins. Results: The advent of ambient mass spectrometry and its different versions like Desorption Electrospray Ionization (DESI), DART and ELDI has brought a huge revolution in proteomics research. Different imaging techniques are also introduced in MS to map proteins and other significant biomolecules. These drastic developments have paved the way to analyze large proteins of >200kDa easily. Conclusion: Here, we discuss the recent advancement in mass spectrometry, which is of great importance and it could lead us to further deep analysis of the molecules from different perspectives and further advancement in these techniques will enable us to find better ways for prediction of molecules and their behavioral properties.

Combined neutron imaging techniques for cultural heritage purpose

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Materna ◽  
Jan Jolie ◽  
Andreas Zilges ◽  
Nigel Warr ◽  
Andrey Blazhev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Neutron Imaging

scholarly journals Microbiological Risk Assessment and Bioprocess Engineering

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-239
Author(s):  
Grażyna Płaza ◽  
Varenyam Achal ◽  
Deepika Kumari
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Biological Agents ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Green Industry ◽  
Detection And Identification

Abstract The Europe 2020 strategy (European Commission, 2010) calls a bioeconomy as a key element for smart and green growth in Europe. The development of a greener and more resource-efficient economy gives rise to new technologies and materials, which in turn may result in increased exposure to biological agents or combinations of different potentially harmful factors. For example, the expanding recycling industry employs an increasing number of workers which have to face various health problems (pulmonary, gastrointestinal and skin problems) as a result of exposure to biological agents such as airborne microorganisms. However, specific numbers for occupational diseases in this sector are still lacking. There are various workplaces and professional activities especially from the green industry for which exposure to microbiological agents occur unexpectedly and in an uncontrolled way. The issue of uncontrolled microbial exposure there is for example in waste treatment and for retrofitting activities, both growing sectors of employment in a greening society. As a result of the problem in the green industrial sector, there is a need to develop tools for risk assessment and prevention measures. In order to be able to develop suitable risk management strategies, a further development of detection and identification methods for biological agents is needed to cover the whole spectrum of microorganisms. the present paper focuses on the microbiological risk assessment in the context of the development of new and safe industrial products and processes of green industry (bioindustry and bioprocessing).

Green Spaces of the Metropolitan Area of Guadalajara

2019 ◽  
pp. 151-179
Author(s):  
Roberto Jiménez ◽  
Paula Lourdes Guerrero Rodríguez ◽  
Rogelio Rivera Fernández
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Green Spaces ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
Urban Green Spaces ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
Social Environmental

The analysis of some systems of green areas and public parks of the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, other cities of our country Mexico and Latin America, shows common problems such as the deficit of urban green spaces, insecurity, unemployment, and uncertainty with a social exclusion in these areas of stress. Likewise, the lack of economic value of the services provided by such natural systems as recreation is added. Together they are important factors in the allocation of territories destined to this use with respect to others that generate Urban speculation. Therefore, it is proposed to develop a typology of green areas appropriate to the needs of the metropolitan region. It will facilitate the production of inventories that estimate indicators of territorial cohesion, governance, economic profitability, social, environmental quality and innovation, as well as incorporating new technologies that improve geographic information systems and internet media that support management.

scholarly journals Who approves/pays for additional monitoring?

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (Supplement_M) ◽  
pp. M64-M67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe M C Rosano ◽  
Ilaria Spoletini ◽  
Cristiana Vitale
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Mobile Technologies ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Health And Social Care ◽  
Short Period

Abstract Major considerations in the provision of healthcare are availability, affordability, accessibility, and appropriateness, especially in the setting of heart failure where disease burden is growing, developments have been rapid and newer biomarkers, diagnostic and imaging techniques, monitoring systems, devices, procedures, and drugs have all been developed in a relatively short period of time. Many monitoring and diagnostic systems have been developed but the disproportionate cost of conducting trials of their effectiveness has limited their uptake. There are added complexities, in that the utilization of doctors for the supervision of the monitoring results may be optimal in one setting and not in another because of differences in the characteristics of organization of healthcare provision, making even interpretation of the trials we have had, still difficult to interpret. New technologies are continuously changing the approach to healthcare and will reshape the structure of the healthcare systems in the future. Mobile technologies can empower patients and carers by giving them more control over their health and social care needs and reducing their dependence on healthcare professionals for monitoring their health, but a significant problem is the integration of the multitude of monitored parameters with clinical data and the recognition of intervention thresholds. Digital technology can help, but we need to prove its cost/efficacy and how it will be paid for. Governments in many European countries and worldwide are trying to establish frameworks that promote the convergence of standards and regulations for telemedicine solutions and yet simultaneously health authorities are closely scrutinizing healthcare spending, with the objective of reducing and optimizing expenditure in the provision of health services. There are multiple factors to be considered for the reimbursement models associated with the implementation of physiological monitoring yet it remains a challenge in cash-strapped health systems.

scholarly journals An Integrative Dynamic Model of Colombian Population Distribution, Based on the Maximum Entropy Principle and Matter, Energy, and Information Flow

Entropy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1172
Author(s):  
César Cardona-Almeida ◽  
Nelson Obregón ◽  
Fausto A. Canales
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Information Exchange ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Population Distribution ◽  
Knowledge Society ◽  
Maximum Entropy Principle ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Human Society ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Entropy Principle

Human society has increased its capacity to exploit natural resources thanks to new technologies, which are one of the results of information exchange in the knowledge society. Many approaches to understanding the interactions between human society and natural systems have been developed in the last decades, and some have included considerations about information. However, none of them has considered information as an active variable or flowing entity in the human–natural/social-ecological system, or, moreover, even as a driving force of their interactions. This paper explores these interactions in socio-ecological systems by briefly introducing a conceptual frame focused on the exchange of information, matter, and energy. The human population is presented as a convergence variable of these three physical entities, and a population distribution model for Colombia is developed based on the maximum entropy principle to integrate the balances of related variables as macro-state restrictions. The selected variables were electrical consumption, water demand, and higher education rates (energy, matter, and information). The final model includes statistical moments for previous population distributions. It is shown how population distribution can be predicted yearly by combining these variables, allowing future dynamics exploration. The implications of this model can contribute to bridging information sciences and sustainability studies.

Reduction of Radioactive Waste Production: Where Is the Optimum?

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Havard
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Waste Production ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
History Of ◽  
Intermediate Storage ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Low and medium level waste management means reducing the amount of waste generated during maintenance and operation of the plant, in accordance with the ALARA concept, while keeping not only the quality of the product but also the associated costs under control. All this waste is managed by ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Federal Agency responsible for waste management, including conditioning, intermediate storage and final disposal. Unfortunately, the actions taken by ONDRAF/NIRAS and the producers in order to reduce waste production have had a negative impact on waste treatment tariffs. It has become necessary to re-examine the relationship between ONDRAF/NIRAS and the producers, in order to control the costs of waste management. This problem concerns not only the treatment costs but also the disposal costs. The volume of waste has fallen from 30M3/Thwh in 1985 to 4.m3/Twh in 2000, not by chance but as the result of a new site organisation geared towards achieving this aim. This paper presents firstly the history of Belgian waste management, taking into account the impact on the associated costs, and secondly the measures that have to be taken in order to be able to decide which new technologies are necessary to go further with the objective of waste volume reduction in a new environment, namely deregulation and consequently high pressure on production costs. Finally, it presents a few conclusions.

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