scholarly journals Role of export industries on ozone pollution and its precursors in China

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiamin Ou ◽  
Zhijiong Huang ◽  
Zbigniew Klimont ◽  
Guanglin Jia ◽  
Shaohui Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Supply Chain ◽  
Export Demand ◽  
Ozone Pollution ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Export Industries ◽  
Ozone Levels ◽  
Emission Ratios

Abstract This study seeks to estimate how global supply chain relocates emissions of tropospheric ozone precursors and its impacts in shaping ozone formation. Here we show that goods produced in China for foreign markets lead to an increase of domestic non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) emissions by 3.5 million tons in 2013; about 13% of the national total or, equivalent to half of emissions from European Union. Production for export increases concentration of NMVOCs (including some carcinogenic species) and peak ozone levels by 20–30% and 6–15% respectively, in the coastal areas. It contributes to an estimated 16,889 (3,839–30,663, 95% CI) premature deaths annually combining the effects of NMVOCs and ozone, but could be reduced by nearly 40% by closing the technology gap between China and EU. Export demand also alters the emission ratios between NMVOCs and nitrogen oxides and hence the ozone chemistry in the east and south coast.

A literature review on firms' internationalisation through e-commerce

2019 ◽  
pp. 121-143
Author(s):  
Riccardo Resciniti ◽  
Federica De Vanna
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
International Business ◽  
Decision Process ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
New Markets ◽  
Integrative Framework ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Relationship

The rise of e-commerce has brought considerable changes to the relationship between firms and consumers, especially within international business. Hence, understanding the use of such means for entering foreign markets has become critical for companies. However, the research on this issue is new and so it is important to evaluate what has been studied in the past. In this study, we conduct a systematic review of e-commerce and internationalisation studies to explicate how firms use e-commerce to enter new markets and to export. The studies are classified by theories and methods used in the literature. Moreover, we draw upon the internationalisation decision process (antecedents-modalities-consequences) to propose an integrative framework for understanding the role of e-commerce in internationalisation

scholarly journals Aging of atmospheric aerosols and the role of iron in catalyzing brown carbon formation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hind A. A. Al-Abadleh
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Atmospheric Aerosols ◽  
Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Atmospheric Oxidation ◽  
Carbon Formation ◽  
Brown Carbon ◽  
Volatile Organic

Extensive research has been done on the processes that lead to the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) including atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from biogenic and anthropogenic...

scholarly journals HOW INDUSTRY 4.0 RESHAPES THE WORLD: RECOMMENDATIONS BASED ON COMPLEX GRAPH NETWORK ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 1755-1764
Author(s):  
Rongyan Zhou ◽  
Julie Stal-Le Cardinal
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Global Supply Chain ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Strategic Research ◽  
Complex Graph ◽  
The World ◽  
Tremendous Challenge

Abstract Industry 4.0 is a great opportunity and a tremendous challenge for every role of society. Our study combines complex network and qualitative methods to analyze the Industry 4.0 macroeconomic issues and global supply chain, which enriches the qualitative analysis and machine learning in macroscopic and strategic research. Unsupervised complex graph network models are used to explore how industry 4.0 reshapes the world. Based on the in-degree and out-degree of the weighted and unweighted edges of each node, combined with the grouping results based on unsupervised learning, our study shows that the cooperation groups of Industry 4.0 are different from the previous traditional alliances. Macroeconomics issues also are studied. Finally, strong cohesive groups and recommendations for businessmen and policymakers are proposed.

scholarly journals The tropical forest and fire emissions experiment: method evaluation of volatile organic compound emissions measured by PTR-MS, FTIR, and GC from tropical biomass burning

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 8755-8793 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. Karl ◽  
T. J. Christian ◽  
R. J. Yokelson ◽  
P. Artaxo ◽  
W. Min Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Organic Compound ◽  
Tropical Forest ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Volatile Organic Compound ◽  
Charge Ratio ◽  
Voc Emissions ◽  
Fire Emissions ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Emission Ratios

Abstract. Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions from fires in tropical forest fuels were quantified using Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTRMS), Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to PTRMS (GC-PTR-MS). We investigated VOC emissions from 19 controlled laboratory fires at the USFS Fire Sciences Laboratory and 16 fires during an intensive airborne field campaign during the peak of the burning season in Brazil in 2004. The VOC emissions were dominated by oxygenated VOCs (OVOC) (OVOC/NMHC ~4:1, NMHC: non-methane hydrocarbons) The specificity of the PTR-MS instrument, which measures the mass to charge ratio of VOCs ionized by H3O+ ions, was validated by gas chromatography and by intercomparing in-situ measurements with those obtained from an open path FTIR instrument. Emission ratios for methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, crotonaldehyde, acrylonitrile and pyrrole were measured in the field for the first time. Our measurements show a higher contribution of OVOCs than previously assumed for modeling purposes. Comparison of fresh (<15 min) and aged (>1hour-1day) smoke suggests altered emission ratios due to gas phase chemistry for acetone but not for acetaldehyde and methanol. Emission ratios for numerous, important, reactive VOCs with respect to acetonitrile (a biomass burning tracer) are presented.

scholarly journals Role of Criegee intermediates in the formation of sulfuric acid at a Mediterranean (Cape Corsica) site under influence of biogenic emissions

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (17) ◽  
pp. 13333-13351
Author(s):  
Alexandre Kukui ◽  
Michel Chartier ◽  
Jinhe Wang ◽  
Hui Chen ◽  
Sébastien Dusanter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Additional Source ◽  
So2 Oxidation ◽  
Criegee Intermediates ◽  
Volatile Organic

Abstract. Reaction of stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCIs) with SO2 was proposed as an additional pathway of gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4) formation in the atmosphere, supplementary to the conventional mechanism of H2SO4 production by oxidation of SO2 in reaction with OH radicals. However, because of a large uncertainty in mechanism and rate coefficients for the atmospheric formation and loss reactions of different SCIs, the importance of this additional source is not well established. In this work, we present an estimation of the role of SCIs in H2SO4 formation at a western Mediterranean (Cape Corsica) remote site, where comprehensive field observations including gas-phase H2SO4, OH radicals, SO2, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and aerosol size distribution measurements were performed in July–August 2013 as a part of the project ChArMEx (Chemistry-Aerosols Mediterranean Experiment). The measurement site was under strong influence of local emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds, including monoterpenes and isoprene generating SCIs in reactions with ozone, and, hence, presenting an additional source of H2SO4 via SO2 oxidation by the SCIs. Assuming the validity of a steady state between H2SO4 production and its loss by condensation on existing aerosol particles with a unity accommodation coefficient, about 90 % of the H2SO4 formation during the day could be explained by the reaction of SO2 with OH. During the night the oxidation of SO2 by OH radicals was found to contribute only about 10 % to the H2SO4 formation. The accuracy of the derived values for the contribution of OH + SO2 reaction to the H2SO4 formation is limited mostly by a large, at present factor of 2, uncertainty in the OH + SO2 reaction rate coefficient. The contribution of the SO2 oxidation by SCIs to the H2SO4 formation was evaluated using available measurements of unsaturated VOCs and steady-state SCI concentrations estimated by adopting rate coefficients for SCI reactions based on structure–activity relationships (SARs). The estimated concentration of the sum of SCIs was in the range of (1–3) × 103 molec. cm−3. During the day the reaction of SCIs with SO2 was found to account for about 10 % and during the night for about 40 % of the H2SO4 production, closing the H2SO4 budget during the day but leaving unexplained about 50 % of the H2SO4 formation during the night. Despite large uncertainties in used kinetic parameters, these results indicate that the SO2 oxidation by SCIs may represent an important H2SO4 source in VOC-rich environments, especially during nighttime.

scholarly journals The Current Research Issues of Retail Internationalization

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Miao Miao
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Global Supply Chain ◽  
Internationalization Process ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Cultural Contexts ◽  
Simple Question

Retail internationalization has always attracted interest from both academics and practitioners. Although many retailers have developed international markets successfully by adopting an agile global supply chain, offline and online channels, and various store formats, some cases indicate that barriers and difficulties which retailers face when entering the foreign markets still exist. Thus, the very simple question of how to succeed in implementing retail internationalization calls for more research which investigates this question regarding different cultural contexts and industries from various perspectives. This paper is concerned with retail internationalization and the current issues affecting it. In this paper, we adopt an organizing framework to deepen the understanding of the retail internationalization process, summarize the new issues at the firm and store-level, and intend to provide a theoretical framework for further research.

scholarly journals Exploiting stagnant conditions to derive robust emission ratio estimates for CO<sub>2</sub>, CO and volatile organic compounds in Paris

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 15653-15664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lamia Ammoura ◽  
Irène Xueref-Remy ◽  
Felix Vogel ◽  
Valérie Gros ◽  
Alexia Baudic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Values ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Low Wind Speed ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Regional Background Level ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
The City ◽  
Emission Ratios

Abstract. We propose an approach to estimate urban emission ratios that takes advantage of the enhanced local urban signal in the atmosphere at low wind speed. We apply it to estimate monthly ratios between CO2, CO and some VOCs from several atmospheric concentration measurement datasets acquired in the centre of Paris between 2010 and 2014. We find that this approach is not very sensitive to the regional background level definition and that, in the case of Paris, it samples all days (weekdays and weekends) and all hours of the day evenly. A large seasonal variability of the ΔCO ∕ ΔCO2 ratio in Paris is shown, with a difference of around 60 % between the extreme values and a strong anti-correlation (r2 = 0.75) with atmospheric temperature. The comparison of the ratios obtained for two short measurement campaigns conducted in two different districts and two different periods (autumn and winter) shows differences ranging from −120 to +63 %. A comparison with a highly resolved regional emission inventory suggests some spatial variations of the ratio within the city.

The role of cows on OVOC exchanges of a pasture

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard Heinesch ◽  
Colin Michel ◽  
Crist Amelynck ◽  
Niels Schoon ◽  
Ahsan Mozaffar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Turbulent Flux ◽  
Flux Footprint ◽  
Leaf Injury ◽  
Footprint Model ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Emission Models ◽  
Different Sources

&lt;p&gt;The presence of cows on a pasture considerably modifies exchanges of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). By regulating the biomass present, they can have an impact on the constitutive flux (exchanges from soil and grass that are not induced by leaf wounding or trampling by cows) but they can also cause direct emissions from exhalation and indirect emissions by leaf injury (grazing), trampling and wastes. In this study conducted on the ICOS pasture site of Dorinne (Belgium), we disentangled these different sources/sinks for three oxygenated BVOCs commonly exchanged on grasslands (methanol, acetaldehyde and acetone), using a combination of turbulent flux measurements, enclosure flux measurements, tools to detect the presence and activity of cows in the footprint of the turbulent flux measurements and a flux footprint model. Direct exhalation emissions were low, representing only 2.3% and 10% of the spring total flux of methanol and acetone respectively. Comparison of grazed and non-grazed enclosures pointed out that emissions following leaf wounding were significant for all studied BVOCs, decreased exponentially with time to become negligible after maximum five days. Cow indirect emissions at the pasture scale (turbulent flux measurements) where likely dominated by grazing and were shown to be a major component of the total diurnal flux for each of the three studied BVOCs. Comparison with a hay meadow also showed that the temporal dynamics of those BVOC emissions were very different according to the grass management type, calling for specific parametrization in up-scaling emission models.&lt;/p&gt;

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