scholarly journals Organic additive release from plastic to seawater is lower under deep-sea conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Fauvelle ◽  
Marc Garel ◽  
Christian Tamburini ◽  
David Nerini ◽  
Javier Castro-Jiménez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Organic Additive ◽  
Important Process ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Deep Seawater ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Insufficient Knowledge ◽  
Diisononyl Phthalate

AbstractPlastic garbage patches at the ocean surface are symptomatic of a wider pollution affecting the whole marine environment. Sinking of plastic debris increasingly appears to be an important process in the global fate of plastic in the ocean. However, there is insufficient knowledge about the processes affecting plastic distributions and degradation and how this influences the release of additives under varying environmental conditions, especially in deep-sea environments. Here we show that in abiotic conditions increasing hydrostatic pressure inhibits the leaching of the heaviest organic additives such as tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate and diisononyl phthalate from polyethylene and polyvinylchloride materials, whereas deep-sea and surface marine prokaryotes promote the release of all targeted additives (phthalates, bisphenols, organophosphate esters). This study provides empirical evidences for more efficient additive release at the ocean surface than in deep seawater, where the major plastic burden is supposed to transit through before reaching the sediment compartment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of compost quality from municipal solid waste integrated with organic additive in Mizan–Aman town, Southwest Ethiopia

BMC Chemistry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Masresha Mamo ◽  
Henok Kassa ◽  
Lalit Ingale ◽  
Stefaan Dondeyne
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Organic Additive ◽  
Chemical Characteristics ◽  
Lettuce Seed ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Lettuce Plant ◽  
Compost Quality ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Phytotoxicity Test

Abstract Background The present study evaluated the compost quality from municipal solid waste (MSW) and organic additives of coffee by-products and leaf of Millettia ferruginea. Compost sample (n = 30) was taken from fresh compost materials and MSW and different organic additive treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5). Compost treatments phytotoxicity test was conducted using lettuce seed (Lactuca Sativa L. var. crispa). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using SPSS (version 22) on major compost quality characteristics. Results The compost Physico-chemical characteristics like temperature (26.4 °C), moisture content (45.5%), electrical conductivity (4.6 mS/cm), pH (7.9), total nitrogen (1.2%) and phosphorous content (2918 ppm) in T4 and T5 were analogous but both are significantly different from T3, T2 and T1 compost treatments. Phytotoxicity test using 100% compost treatment media showed that T4 (101%) and T5 (102%) are phytonutrient for lettuce plant. While, T3 and T2; and T1 compost treatments are non-phytotoxic and moderately phytotoxic respectively to lettuce plant. Conclusion Therefore, compost from MSW + M. ferruginea (T4) and MSW + coffee pulp + M. ferruginea (T5) are important for improving the physico-chemical characteristics of compost and are phytonutrient for lettuce plant. Thus, for effectively management of the 75% of organic fraction of waste generated from households in the study area, recycling methods like composting with organic additives must be used at large.

Large Plastic Debris Dumps: New Biodiversity Hot Spots Emerging on the Deep-Sea Floor

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xikun Song ◽  
Mingxin Lyu ◽  
Xiaodi Zhang ◽  
Bernhard Ruthensteiner ◽  
In-Young Ahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Plastic Debris ◽  
Sea Floor

scholarly journals The Mycobiota of the Deep Sea: What Omics Can Offer

Life ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 292
Author(s):  
Lluvia Vargas-Gastélum ◽  
Meritxell Riquelme
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Fungal Diversity ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Abiotic Conditions ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Sequencing Platforms ◽  
Generation Sequencing ◽  
Culture Dependent

The deep sea (>1000 m below sea level) represents one of the most extreme environments of the ocean. Despite exhibiting harsh abiotic conditions such as low temperatures, high hydrostatic pressure, high salinity concentrations, a low input of organic matter, and absence of light, the deep sea encompasses a great fungal diversity. For decades, most knowledge on the fungal diversity of the deep sea was obtained through culture-dependent techniques. More recently, with the latest advances of high-throughput next generation sequencing platforms, there has been a rapid increment in the number of studies using culture-independent techniques. This review brings into the spotlight the progress of the techniques used to assess the diversity and ecological role of the deep-sea mycobiota and provides an overview on how the omics technologies have contributed to gaining knowledge about fungi and their activity in poorly explored marine environments. Finally, current challenges and suggested coordinated efforts to overcome them are discussed.

scholarly journals Influence of organic additives on electret state of high pressure polyethylene

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 001-004
Author(s):  
Eldar Mekhraly Gojayev ◽  
Sevinc Sarkar Osmanova ◽  
Shujayat Aman Zeynalov ◽  
Farhad Shamil Karimov
Keyword(s):  
High Pressure ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Organic Additive ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Negative Corona ◽  
Mechanical Mixing ◽  
Duration Of Storage ◽  
High Pressure Polyethylene ◽  
Industrial Unit

The paper presents the results of a study of the electret properties of high-pressure polyethylene (hppe) modified with organic additives as phthalic-anhydride (pha) and orthophenylenediamine (ophd). Samples obtained and processed by extrusion on an industrial unit brand LRP-700m. Additives were introduced into HPPE by mechanical mixing. For polarization, the samples were placed on a grounded electrode and charged with a negative corona at a voltage of 7 kv. After polarization, the total surface charge of the samples was determined by the compensation method. The thermally stimulated current was recorded in the temperature range 290–520 K, provided that the heating increased linearly at a rate of 3.5 k / min. It is shown that after polarization of hppe composites modified with pha and ophd organic fillers, the depolarization process begins in connection with the resolution and release of trapped charge carriers from traps. After the complete destruction of the homo charges, the density of the surface charge of the hppe films and their optimal modification, reaching a certain value, in the future, depending on the duration of storage, does not change. It was also revealed that the introduction of the organic additive pha and ophd into hppe makes it possible to obtain an antistatic polymer material with improved technological and electrical properties.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic Diversity of Nitrogenase (nifH) Genes in Deep-Sea and Hydrothermal Vent Environments of the Juan de Fuca Ridge

2003 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 960-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mausmi P. Mehta ◽  
David A. Butterfield ◽  
John A. Baross
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Hydrothermal Vent ◽  
Hydrothermal Vents ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Deep Seawater ◽  
Nitrogen Fixers ◽  
Axial Volcano ◽  
Microbial Habitat ◽  
Biological Nitrogen ◽  
Ocean Ridge

ABSTRACT The subseafloor microbial habitat associated with typical unsedimented mid-ocean-ridge hydrothermal vent ecosystems may be limited by the availability of fixed nitrogen, inferred by the low ammonium and nitrate concentrations measured in diffuse hydrothermal fluid. Dissolved N2 gas, the largest reservoir of nitrogen in the ocean, is abundant in deep-sea and hydrothermal vent fluid. In order to test the hypothesis that biological nitrogen fixation plays an important role in nitrogen cycling in the subseafloor associated with unsedimented hydrothermal vents, degenerate PCR primers were designed to amplify the nitrogenase iron protein gene nifH from hydrothermal vent fluid. A total of 120 nifH sequences were obtained from four samples: a nitrogen-poor diffuse vent named marker 33 on Axial Volcano, sampled twice over a period of 1 year as its temperature decreased; a nitrogen-rich diffuse vent near Puffer on Endeavour Segment; and deep seawater with no detectable hydrothermal plume signal. Subseafloor nifH genes from marker 33 and Puffer are related to anaerobic clostridia and sulfate reducers. Other nifH genes unique to the vent samples include proteobacteria and divergent Archaea. All of the nifH genes from the deep-seawater sample are most closely related to the thermophilic, anaerobic archaeon Methanococcus thermolithotrophicus (77 to 83% amino acid similarity). These results provide the first genetic evidence of potential nitrogen fixers in hydrothermal vent environments and indicate that at least two sources contribute to the diverse assemblage of nifH genes detected in hydrothermal vent fluid: nifH genes from an anaerobic, hot subseafloor and nifH genes from cold, oxygenated deep seawater.

scholarly journals Deep-Sea Bioluminescence Blooms after Dense Water Formation at the Ocean Surface

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. e67523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Tamburini ◽  
Miquel Canals ◽  
Xavier Durrieu de Madron ◽  
Loïc Houpert ◽  
Dominique Lefèvre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Sea ◽  
Ocean Surface ◽  
Dense Water ◽  
Water Formation ◽  
Dense Water Formation

Tandem Mass Spectrometry (MS/MS) for Analysis of Additives in a Rubber Vulcanizate

1988 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 658-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert P. Lattimer
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Loss ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Organic Additive ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Mass Measurements ◽  
Chemical Noise ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Ionization Methods

Abstract MS/MS appears to have considerable potential as a means for improved direct mass spectral characterization of organic additives in rubber compounds. In this report, we have shown how daughter-ion, parent-ion, and neutral-loss scans can improve the specificity for identification of organic additive components in rubber vulcanizates. The use of MS/MS to reduce the “chemical noise” in the direct analysis of complex mixtures is demonstrated. MS/MS should not be viewed as a technique that will replace other mass spectral methods in rubber applications. For example, desorption ionization methods, GC/MS, LC/MS and high-resolution mass measurements will still have important roles. MS/MS can serve as a supplemental tool for direct mixture analysis that is both rapid and powerful.

scholarly journals Influence of Organic Additive Benzene Sulfonic Acid on the Magnetic Behavior of Electrodeposited COMNP Thin Film Alloys

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (10S) ◽  
pp. 267-270
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Magnetic Behavior ◽  
Magnetic Films ◽  
Organic Additive ◽  
Sodium Hypophosphite ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Benzene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Alloy Films

CoMnP alloy films were synthesized by Electrodeposition Technique. The Electrochemical deposition technique is especially interesting due to its low cost and high quality of deposit. Thin Magnetic films are extensively used in various electronic devices including high density recording media and micro electromechanical systems (MEMS). Electrodeposition being cost effective, in the present work cobalt based magnetic films was deposited electrochemically and characteristics features of the deposited film were studied. Effect of organic additives Benzene sulfonic acid in the presence of the sodium hypophosphite was studied. Structural and magnetic properties were investigated and reported. The hysteresis loops of the CoMnP alloy films were measured and studied. The result shows that organic additive Benzene sulfonic acid has altered the magnetic properties of the films. Among the different compositions, CoMnP compound exhibit good hard magnetic properties, Under the best condition involving addition of 0.2M of NaH2PO2 and 4 gL-1 of Benzene Sulfonic Acid at a current density of 7 mA-cm-2 and time of deposition 60 minutes, the thickness of the film was found to be 3.5 micrometer with coercivity 1410 Oe and remanent 0.12 emu.The reason for the change in magnetic properties and structural characteristics because of the additive were discussed.

scholarly journals Differentiating the Role of Organic Additives to Assemble Open Framework Aluminosilicate Zeolites Using INS Spectroscopy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony Nearchou ◽  
Jeff Armstrong ◽  
Keith T. Butler ◽  
Paul R. Raithby ◽  
Asel Sartbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Control Structure ◽  
Inelastic Neutron Scattering ◽  
Inelastic Neutron ◽  
Organic Additive ◽  
Zeolite Catalysts ◽  
Vibrational Modes ◽  
Organic Additives ◽  
Synthesis Design ◽  
Organic Framework

<div> <p>Presently there is little clarity concerning how organic additives control structure formation in the synthesis of zeolite catalysts and their chemistry. Such ambiguity is a major obstacle towards the synthesis design for new bespoke zeolites with intended applications. Herein, we have applied inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectroscopy to experimentally probe the organic-framework interactions that are crucial to the structure direction process. With this technique we have studied the dynamics of 18-crown-6 ether, which can be used as an additive to direct the formation of four zeolites: Na-X, EMC-2, RHO and ZK-5. We observe significant softening of the 18-crown-6 ether molecule’s dynamics upon occlusion within a zeolite host, with a strong influence on both the circular and radial vibrational modes. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between the efficacy of the organic additive and the strength of the organic-framework interactions, which are a consequence of both the framework cavity size and geometry. We propose that the approach used herein should be used to study other zeolites, and hence gain a more comprehensive view of structure directing organic-framework interactions.</p> </div> <br>

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