Annual estimates of occupancy for bryophytes, lichens and invertebrates in the UK, 1970–2015

Abstract Here, we determine annual estimates of occupancy and species trends for 5,293 UK bryophytes, lichens, and invertebrates, providing national scale information on UK biodiversity change for 31 taxonomic groups for the time period 1970 to 2015. The dataset was produced through the application of a Bayesian occupancy modelling framework to species occurrence records supplied by 29 national recording schemes or societies (n = 24,118,549 records). In the UK, annual measures of species status from fine scale data (e.g. 1 × 1 km) had previously been limited to a few taxa for which structured monitoring data are available, mainly birds, butterflies, bats and a subset of moth species. By using an occupancy modelling framework designed for use with relatively low recording intensity data, we have been able to estimate species trends and generate annual estimates of occupancy for taxa where annual trend estimates and status were previously limited or unknown at this scale. These data broaden our knowledge of UK biodiversity and can be used to investigate variation in and drivers of biodiversity change.

Download Full-text

Metaphors of migration over time

Discourse & Society ◽

10.1177/0957926521992156 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 095792652199215

Author(s):

Charlotte Taylor

Keyword(s):

Emigration And Immigration ◽

Emigrants And Immigrants ◽

Economic Resource ◽

Historical Discourse ◽

Continuity And Change ◽

The Past ◽

Perception Of Control ◽

Time Period ◽

Metaphor Use ◽

The Uk

This paper aims to cast light on contemporary migration rhetoric by integrating historical discourse analysis. I focus on continuity and change in conventionalised metaphorical framings of emigration and immigration in the UK-based Times newspaper from 1800 to 2018. The findings show that some metaphors persist throughout the 200-year time period (liquid, object), some are more recent in conventionalised form (animals, invader, weight) while others dropped out of conventionalised use before returning (commodity, guest). Furthermore, we see that the spread of metaphor use goes beyond correlation with migrant naming choices with both emigrants and immigrants occupying similar metaphorical frames historically. However, the analysis also shows that continuity in metaphor use cannot be assumed to correspond to stasis in framing and evaluation as the liquid metaphor is shown to have been more favourable in the past. A dominant frame throughout the period is migrants as an economic resource and the evaluation is determined by the speaker’s perception of control of this resource.

Download Full-text

“At Least until the Second Wave Comes…”: A Twitter Analysis of the NHS and COVID-19 between March and June 2020

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18083943 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 3943

Author(s):

Kathy McKay ◽

Sarah Wayland ◽

David Ferguson ◽

Jane Petty ◽

Eilis Kennedy

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Social Media ◽

Content Analysis ◽

Well Being ◽

Profound Impact ◽

Time Period ◽

Twitter Analysis ◽

The Uk ◽

Media Narratives ◽

Second Wave

In the UK, tweets around COVID-19 and health care have primarily focused on the NHS. Recent research has identified that the psychological well-being of NHS staff has been adversely impacted as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to investigate narratives relating to the NHS and COVID-19 during the first lockdown (26 March–4 July 2020). A total of 123,880 tweets were collated and downloaded bound to the time period of the first lockdown in order to analyse the real-time discourse around COVID-19 and the NHS. Content analysis was undertaken and tweets were coded to positive and negative sentiments. Five main themes were identified: (1) the dichotomies of ‘clap for carers’; (2) problems with PPE and testing; (3) peaks of anger; (4) issues around hero worship; and (5) hints of a normality. Further research exploring and documenting social media narratives around COVID-19 and the NHS, in this and subsequent lockdowns, should help in tailoring suitable support for staff in the future and acknowledging the profound impact that the pandemic has had.

Download Full-text

Assessing biophysical and socio-economic impacts of climate change on regional avian biodiversity

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-82474-z ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Simon Kapitza ◽

Pham Van Ha ◽

Tom Kompas ◽

Nick Golding ◽

Natasha C. R. Cadenhead ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Integrated Modelling ◽

Land Use Patterns ◽

Economic Changes ◽

Use Patterns ◽

Modelling Framework ◽

Avian Biodiversity ◽

Biodiversity Change ◽

Impacts Of Climate Change

AbstractClimate change threatens biodiversity directly by influencing biophysical variables that drive species’ geographic distributions and indirectly through socio-economic changes that influence land use patterns, driven by global consumption, production and climate. To date, no detailed analyses have been produced that assess the relative importance of, or interaction between, these direct and indirect climate change impacts on biodiversity at large scales. Here, we apply a new integrated modelling framework to quantify the relative influence of biophysical and socio-economically mediated impacts on avian species in Vietnam and Australia and we find that socio-economically mediated impacts on suitable ranges are largely outweighed by biophysical impacts. However, by translating economic futures and shocks into spatially explicit predictions of biodiversity change, we now have the power to analyse in a consistent way outcomes for nature and people of any change to policy, regulation, trading conditions or consumption trend at any scale from sub-national to global.

Download Full-text

Divorced and Unemployed: the Declining Association between Two Critical Lifecourse States in the UK, 1984-2017

10.31235/osf.io/yj6t4 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Lewis Robert Anderson ◽

Christiaan Willem Simon Monden ◽

Erzsebet Bukodi

Keyword(s):

Gender Gap ◽

Educational Inequality ◽

Marital Dissolution ◽

The Other ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Time Period ◽

Domains Of Life ◽

Nationally Representative ◽

And Gender ◽

The Uk

Individuals exposed to both job loss and marital dissolution are likely to be highly disadvantaged, having experienced stresses and losses in the two primary domains of life. Moreover, recent literature finds that exposure to one event tends to increase risk of the other. However, next to nothing is known about the size or composition – or changes therein – of the divorced/separated and unemployed (DSU) subpopulation. Using large, nationally representative, repeated cross-sectional datasets extending back to 1984, we aim to fill this gap for the UK. We give a descriptive account of the prevalence and social distribution of DSU, and of the cross-sectional association between its two component states: among which groups, by education and gender, does being either divorced/separated or unemployed most strongly imply a heightened risk of also being the other, and how has this changed over time? We find stable and strong educational inequality in DSU, while the gender gap has narrowed and recently closed. The association between the two states is stronger among men; has weakened strikingly over the time period we consider, for both men and, especially, women; and is educationally stratified among men but not women. Contrary to expectations, higher-educated men in one of the two states are most likely to also be in the other. Possible explanations and further questions are discussed. In particular, we highlight the possibility that over this time period the divorced/separated have become more like the general population, rather than a negatively selected subgroup among whom unemployment is a particular risk.

Download Full-text

Reurbanisation in Postsocialist Europe – A Comparative View of Eastern Germany, Poland, and the Czech Republic

Comparative Population Studies ◽

10.12765/cpos-2018-02 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

Author(s):

Annegret Haase ◽

Manuel Wolff ◽

Petra Špačková ◽

Adam Radzimski

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Inner City ◽

National Scale ◽

The Czech Republic ◽

Large Cities ◽

Eastern Germany ◽

East German ◽

Lively Debate ◽

The Uk ◽

German Cities

Since the 1990s, reurbanisation has become an increasingly frequent trajectory for urban development. Many formerly shrinking cities have been able to stabilise their population or even see new growth. Especially prominent in regions like Germany and the UK, but also observed across the whole continent, a lively debate on reurbanisation has developed as a reality of today’s, and a potential trajectory for tomorrow’s, cities in Europe.Postsocialist Europe has not so far been central in the reurbanisation debate, either empirically or theoretically. Subsequently, the postsocialist experience is missing in the discourse and the existing body of evidence. There is, however, some evidence that Czech and Polish cities are also seeing signs of new inner-city growth and a trend towards core city stabilisation.Against this background, the paper scrutinises the issues of reurbanisation and new growth after the shrinking of postsocialist cities. The paper uses the approach of a contrastive comparison between cities in eastern Germany, where reurbanisation has developed as the predominant trajectory for many large cities, and for cities in Poland and the Czech Republic, where this trend is considerably less prominent. It analyses the development of reurbanisation in these cities and their urban regions over the last few decades, its characteristics and the determinants triggering or impeding it. The paper includes data on a national scale as well as from relevant case studies of cities and their urban regions.It argues, among other things, that there is no “postsocialist model” with regard to influencing factors for reurbanisation. Eastern Germany, due to its specific postsocialist situation and transformation trajectory, can be viewed as an “outlier” or “hybrid” which exhibits characteristics typical of postsocialist and western welfare contexts and which is seeing especially dynamic reurbanisation after a phase of extreme shrinkage. Although there are clear signs of inner-city reurbanisation in Polish and Czech cities as well, it seems relatively unlikely that this process will reach the same high levels as in East German cities within the coming years. * This article belongs to a special issue on reurbanisation.

Download Full-text

Are stock returns an inflation hedge for the UK? Evidence from a wavelet analysis using over three centuries of data

Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics ◽

10.1515/snde-2017-0049 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Aviral Kumar Tiwari ◽

Juncal Cunado ◽

Rangan Gupta ◽

Mark E. Wohar

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Wavelet Analysis ◽

Stock Returns ◽

Time Period ◽

Inflation Rates ◽

The Us ◽

Long Time ◽

Time Periods ◽

The Uk ◽

The Relationship

Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between stock returns and the inflation rates for the UK over a long time period (February 1790–February 2017) and at different frequencies, by employing a wavelet analysis. We also compare the results for the UK economy with those for the US and two developing countries (India and South Africa). Overall, our results tend to suggest that, while the relationship between stock returns and inflation rates varies across frequencies and time periods, there is no evidence of stock returns acting as an inflation hedge, irrespective of whether we look at the two developed or the two developing markets in our sample.

Download Full-text

Time and change: UK social work and comparative European welfare policies since 1990

Exploring Social Work ◽

10.1332/policypress/9781447350712.003.0003 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 21-42

Author(s):

Linda Bell

Keyword(s):

Social Work ◽

Social Workers ◽

Work Practice ◽

Social Work Practice ◽

Welfare Regimes ◽

Welfare Policies ◽

Time Period ◽

Background History ◽

The Uk ◽

Work Education

This chapter gives a brief contextual background history to ‘social work’. It emphasises the years after 1990. This period encompasses many policy and political changes and theoretical developments in the UK and internationally, which affect social work practice and education. This is the time period encapsulating the author's involvement with social workers and social work education. The chapter presents some comparative geographical locations partly to reflect aspects of this involvement with social work and contacts with social work and social workers in those places, as well as to reflect different kinds of welfare regimes and to indicate some different kinds of welfare professionals.

Download Full-text

Financial Loss Aversion Illusion*

Review of Finance ◽

10.1093/rof/rfz002 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 381-413 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Christoph Merkle

Keyword(s):

Loss Aversion ◽

Expected Returns ◽

Subjective Ratings ◽

Financial Loss ◽

Portfolio Returns ◽

Forecasting Error ◽

Time Period ◽

The Uk ◽

Financial Losses ◽

Better Than

Abstract We test the proposition that investors’ ability to cope with financial losses is much better than they expect. In a panel survey of investors from a large bank in the UK, we ask for their subjective ratings of anticipated returns and experienced returns. The time period covered by the panel (2008–10) is one where investors experienced frequent losses and gains in their portfolios. This period offers a unique setting to evaluate investors’ hedonic experiences. We examine how the subjective ratings behave relative to expected portfolio returns and experienced portfolio returns. Loss aversion is strong for anticipated outcomes; investors are twice as sensitive to negative expected returns as to positive expected returns. However, when evaluating experienced returns, the effect diminishes by more than half and is well below commonly found loss aversion coefficients. This suggests that a large part of investors’ financial loss aversion results from an affective forecasting error.

Download Full-text

Rip current related drowning deaths and rescues in Australia 2004–2011

Natural Hazards and Earth System Science ◽

10.5194/nhess-13-1069-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 1069-1075 ◽

Cited By ~ 65

Author(s):

B. Brighton ◽

S. Sherker ◽

R. Brander ◽

M. Thompson ◽

A. Bradstreet

Keyword(s):

Incident Report ◽

Anecdotal Evidence ◽

Rip Current ◽

Rip Currents ◽

Actual Number ◽

Time Period ◽

Life Saving ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

The Uk

Abstract. Rip currents are a common hazard to beachgoers found on many beaches around the world, but it has proven difficult to accurately quantify the actual number of rip current related drowning deaths in many regions and countries. Consequently, reported estimates of rip current drowning can fluctuate considerably and are often based on anecdotal evidence. This study aims to quantify the incidence of rip current related drowning deaths and rescues in Australia from 2004 to 2011. A retrospective search was undertaken for fatal and non-fatal rip-related drowning incidents from Australia's National Coronial Information System (NCIS), Surf Life Saving Australia's (SLSA, 2005–2011) SurfGuard Incident Report Database (IRD), and Media Monitors for the period 1 July 2004 to 30 June 2011. In this time, rip currents were recorded as a factor in 142 fatalities of a total of 613 coastal drowning deaths (23.2%), an average of 21 per year. Rip currents were related to 44% of all beach-related drowning deaths and were involved in 57.4% of reported major rescues in Australian locations where rips occur. A comparison with international operational statistics over the same time period describes rip-related rescues as 53.7% of the total rescues in the US, 57.9% in the UK and 49.4% in New Zealand. The range 49–58% is much lower than 80–89% traditionally cited. The results reported are likely to underestimate the size of the rip current hazard, because we are limited by the completeness of data on rip-related events; however this is the most comprehensive estimate to date. Beach safety practitioners need improved data collection and standardized definitions across organisations. The collection of drowning data using consistent categories and the routine collection of rip current information will allow for more accurate global comparisons.

Download Full-text

Liaison psychiatry continues to expand: developing services in the British Isles

Psychiatric Bulletin ◽

10.1192/pb.27.9.339 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 27 (9) ◽

pp. 339-341 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Geraldine Swift ◽

Else Guthrie

Keyword(s):

Local Development ◽

Postal Survey ◽

Full Time ◽

Liaison Psychiatry ◽

Specialist Registrar ◽

Current State ◽

Time Period ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Republic ◽

The Uk

Aims and MethodA postal survey of consultants in liaison psychiatry was carried out in the spring of 2002 to document the current state of liaison psychiatry in the UK and the Republic of Ireland. Information was collected on post specifications, clinical organisation and plans for further local development.ResultsNinety-three liaison consultants were identified. Seventy-seven posts were full-time or half-time, compared with 43 such posts in 1996. During the same time period, specialist registrar training posts have doubled from 30 to 61. A third of respondents anticipated further consultant posts in their region.Clinical ImplicationsDespite the increase in the number of liaison consultants since 1996, the numbers still fall below that recommended by the Royal College of Psychiatrists. Liaison consultants need to improve links with primary care and continue to develop specialised services to demonstrate the qualitative and financial benefits that liaison psychiatry has to offer to a wide range of patients.

Download Full-text