scholarly journals resistancebank.org, an open-access repository for surveys of antimicrobial resistance in animals

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola G. Criscuolo ◽  
João Pires ◽  
Cheng Zhao ◽  
Thomas P. Van Boeckel
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Surveillance Systems ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Global Database ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Resistance Rates

AbstractAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to the health of humans and animals that requires global actions. In high-income countries, surveillance systems helped inform policies to curb AMR in animals. In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), demand for meat is rising, and developing policies against AMR is urgent. However, surveillance of AMR is at best nascent, and the current evidence base to inform policymakers is geographically heterogeneous. We present resistancebank.org, an online platform that centralizes information on AMR in animals from 1,285 surveys from LMICs. Surveys were conducted between 2000 and 2019 and include 22,403 resistance rates for pathogens isolated from chickens, cattle, sheep, and pigs. The platform is built as a shiny application that provides access to individual surveys, country-level reports, and maps of AMR at 10 × 10 kilometers resolution. The platform is accessed via any internet browser and enables users to upload surveys to strengthen a global database. resistancebank.org aims to be a focal point for sharing AMR data in LMICs and to help international funders prioritize their actions.

scholarly journals Unknown Risk on the Farm: Does Agricultural Use of Ionophores Contribute to the Burden of Antimicrobial Resistance?

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Wong
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Human Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Unknown Risk ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Agricultural Use

ABSTRACT Ionophores are the second most widely used class of antibiotic in agriculture, with over 4 million kilograms sold in the United States in 2016. Because ionophores are not used in humans, it is widely assumed that their agricultural use will not impact human health. Consequently, these drugs have not been subject to the same regulations as medically important antibiotics. Here, I argue that the current evidence base is insufficient to conclude that ionophores do not contribute to human relevant antimicrobial resistance. It is unclear whether ionophore resistance can result in cross-resistance to medically important antibiotics. Moreover, recent evidence suggests that ionophore use may coselect for resistance to vancomycin in some cases. Systematic investigation of the consequences of agricultural ionophore use for human health is therefore imperative.

scholarly journals THE IMPACTS OF CORRUPTION ON FIRM PERFORMANCE: SOME LESSONS FROM 40 AFRICAN COUNTRIES

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (04) ◽  
pp. 1650022 ◽  
Author(s):  
COLIN C. WILLIAMS ◽  
ABBI M. KEDIR
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
The Individual

The current evidence-base regarding the impacts of corruption on firm performance is based largely on studies of individual countries and contains mixed results. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to achieve a better insight into this relationship by reporting the results of a firm-level analysis of the impacts of corruption on firm performance using World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) data across 40 African countries. The clear result is that corruption significantly enhances rather than harms annual sales, employment and productivity growth rates. The outcome is to re-theorize participation in acts of corruption as beneficial for the individual firms engaged in such activity, while recognizing the wider evidence that this is not an optimal strategy at the aggregate country level. The outcome will be to advance knowledge about how corruption needs to be tackled. To eliminate corruption, it is shown here to be necessary for public authorities to recognize that corruption is an efficient strategy at the firm level and to adopt measures to alter the cost/benefit ratio confronting individual enterprises, and at the same time, to address the country-level formal institutional deficiencies that characterize many developing countries and result in the prevalence of corruption.

scholarly journals Employment Supports for Adults With Disabilities in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Campbell Systematic Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janice Tripney ◽  
Nina Hogrebe ◽  
Elena Schmidt ◽  
Carol Vigurs ◽  
Ruth Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Market Outcomes ◽  
High Quality Research ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Employment Supports ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Current Evidence Base

Objective: To identify, appraise, and synthesize studies of interventions to improve labor market outcomes of adults in developing countries with physical and/or sensory disabilities. Method: Systematic review methods, following Campbell Collaboration guidelines, were utilized. A comprehensive search was used to identify relevant studies published between 1990 and 2013, which were graded for study quality and a narrative approach used to synthesize the research evidence. Results: Fourteen studies covering a wide range of interventions met the inclusion criteria. Although individual studies reported improvements in outcomes, heterogeneity was high and studies were generally of poor methodological quality. Conclusions: There is a lack of high-quality research evidence to inform decision-making in this area. Stakeholders should be cautious when interpreting the results of the current evidence base.

scholarly journals One Health Approach for combating Antimicrobial Resistance in Animals

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chung-Ming Chang ◽  
Ramendra Pati Pandey ◽  
Riya Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
One Health ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
International Response ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Poultry Farms ◽  
Animal Medicine

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an increasing hazard to human and animal health that necessitates an international response. Surveillance methods in high-income nations aided in the development of measures to combat AMR in animals. Demand for meat is increasing in countries making it critical to implement anti-AMR initiatives. Surveillance of AMR, on the other hand, is at best in its infancy, and the current evidence base for informing policymakers is geographically disparate. All of the isolates had high rates of AMR to medicines that are critical/highly important in human and animal medicine. A higher incidence of AMR was found in poultry farms. Our findings show that AMR, including MDR, is common in coli, Salmonella spp., commonly found in poultry. The study promotes the development of national policies, programs, and additional research based on a "One Health" approach that helps humans and animals, as well as the environment.

scholarly journals Polyphenols and Cognition In Humans: An Overview of Current Evidence from Recent Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Daniel Joseph Lamport ◽  
Claire Michelle Williams
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Reviews ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Cognitive Outcome ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Cognitive Benefits ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Impact

There is increasing interest in the impact of dietary influences on the brain throughout the lifespan, ranging from improving cognitive development in children through to attenuating ageing related cognitive decline and reducing risk of neurodegenerative diseases. Polyphenols, phytochemicals naturally present in a host of fruits, vegetables, tea, cocoa and other foods, have received particular attention in this regard, and there is now a substantial body of evidence from experimental and epidemiological studies examining whether their consumption is associated with cognitive benefits. The purpose of this overview is to synthesise and evaluate the best available evidence from two sources, namely meta-analyses and systematic reviews, in order to give an accurate reflection of the current evidence base for an association between polyphenols and cognitive benefits. Four meta-analyses and thirteen systematic reviews published between 2017–2020 were included, and were categorised according to whether they reviewed specific polyphenol-rich foods and classes or all polyphenols. A requirement for inclusion was assessment of a behavioural cognitive outcome in humans. A clear and consistent theme emerged that whilst there is support for an association between polyphenol consumption and cognitive benefits, this conclusion is tentative, and by no means definitive. Considerable methodological heterogeneity was repeatedly highlighted as problematic such that the current evidence base does not support reliable conclusions relating to efficacy of specific doses, duration of treatment, or sensitivity in specific populations or certain cognitive domains. The complexity of multiple interactions between a range of direct and indirect mechanisms of action is discussed. Further research is required to strengthen the reliability of the evidence base.

scholarly journals P-26 Challenging the pressure on nhs resources: could 48-hour continuous subcutaneous infusions (CSCIS) help? a systematically-structured review of the current evidence base

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A9.3-A10
Author(s):  
James Baker ◽  
Andrew Dickman ◽  
Stephen Mason ◽  
John Ellershaw ◽  
Paul Skipper ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Current Evidence Base

scholarly journals Rates of violence in patients classified as high risk by structured risk assessment instruments

2014 ◽  
Vol 204 (3) ◽  
pp. 180-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay P. Singh ◽  
Seena Fazel ◽  
Ralitza Gueorguieva ◽  
Alec Buchanan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Assessment Tools ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Assessment Instruments ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Current Evidence Base ◽  
Study Heterogeneity

BackgroundRates of violence in persons identified as high risk by structured risk assessment instruments (SRAIs) are uncertain and frequently unreported by validation studies.AimsTo analyse the variation in rates of violence in individuals identified as high risk by SRAIs.MethodA systematic search of databases (1995–2011) was conducted for studies on nine widely used assessment tools. Where violence rates in high-risk groups were not published, these were requested from study authors. Rate information was extracted, and binomial logistic regression was used to study heterogeneity.ResultsInformation was collected on 13 045 participants in 57 samples from 47 independent studies. Annualised rates of violence in individuals classified as high risk varied both across and within instruments. Rates were elevated when population rates of violence were higher, when a structured professional judgement instrument was used and when there was a lower proportion of men in a study.ConclusionsAfter controlling for time at risk, the rate of violence in individuals classified as high risk by SRAIs shows substantial variation. In the absence of information on local base rates, assigning predetermined probabilities to future violence risk on the basis of a structured risk assessment is not supported by the current evidence base. This underscores the need for caution when such risk estimates are used to influence decisions related to individual liberty and public safety.

scholarly journals Toward the diagnosis of rare childhood genetic diseases: what do parents value most?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samantha Pollard ◽  
Deirdre Weymann ◽  
Jessica Dunne ◽  
Fatemeh Mayanloo ◽  
John Buckell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Focus Groups ◽  
Genetic Disease ◽  
Diagnostic Yield ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Genomic Testing ◽  
Current Evidence Base

AbstractGenomic testing is becoming routine for diagnosing rare childhood genetic disease. Evidence underlying sustainable implementation is limited, focusing on short-term endpoints such as diagnostic yield, unable to fully characterize patient and family valued outcomes. Although genomic testing is becoming widely available, evidentiary and outcomes uncertainty persist as key challenges for implementation. We examine whether the current evidence base reflects public tolerance for uncertainty for genomics to diagnose rare childhood genetic disease. We conducted focus groups with general population parents in Vancouver, Canada, and Oxford, United Kingdom, to discuss expectations and concerns related to genomic testing to diagnose rare childhood genetic disease. Applying a purposive sampling technique, recruitment continued until thematic saturation was reached. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Thirty-three parents participated across four focus groups. Participants valued causal diagnoses alongside management strategies to improve patient health and wellbeing. Further, participants valued expanding the evidence base to reduce evidentiary uncertainty while ensuring security of information. Willingness to pay out of pocket for testing reflected perceived familial health benefit. Diagnostic yield fails to fully capture valued outcomes, and efforts to resolve uncertainty better reflect public priorities. Evaluations of genomic testing that fully integrate valued endpoints are necessary to ensure consistency with best practices and public willingness to accept the uncertain familial benefit.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document