scholarly journals Asymmetric developmental change regarding the effect of reward and punishment on response inhibition

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mami Miyasaka ◽  
Michio Nomura
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Developmental Change ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Present Condition ◽  
Feedback Type ◽  
Absent Condition ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Reward And Punishment

Abstract Reward and punishment influence inhibitory performance, but developmental changes in these effects are not well understood. Our aim was to understand the effects of potential reward gains and losses (as indices of reward and punishment) on response inhibition among children and adolescents. We conducted financial and non-financial go/no-go tasks with 40 boys (8- to 15-year-olds). Participants gained or lost money depending on their performance on the financial task, and score rankings were compared to participants on the non-financial task. We found that adolescents’ inhibitory control, as reflected in their reaction times when they made inhibitory errors, was lower in the reward-present condition than in the reward-absent condition, although accuracy was higher when the reward was available for all participants. Additionally, inhibitory control, specifically among adolescents, was higher for financial feedback than for non-financial feedback. These results suggest that the effects of reward and feedback type on motor impulsivity differ as a function of developmental stage. We discuss the theoretical implications of the present findings in terms of the interaction between emotional feedback and response inhibition among children and adolescents.

scholarly journals Response inhibition in problematic social network sites use: an ERP study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tania Moretta ◽  
Giulia Buodo
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Social Network Sites ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Picture Content

AbstractGiven the current literature debate on whether or not Problematic Social Network Sites Use (PSNSU) can be considered a behavioral addiction, the present study was designed to test whether, similarly to addictive behaviors, PSNSU is characterized by a deficit in inhibitory control in emotional and addiction-related contexts. Twenty-two problematic Facebook users and 23 nonproblematic users were recruited based on their score on the Problematic Facebook Use Scale. The event-related potentials were recorded during an emotional Go/Nogo Task, including Facebook-related, unpleasant, pleasant, and neutral pictures. The amplitudes of the Nogo-N2 and the Nogo-P3 were computed as measures of the detection of response conflict and response inhibition, respectively. Reaction times and accuracy also were measured. The results showed that problematic users were less accurate on both Go and Nogo trials than nonproblematic users, irrespective of picture content. For problematic users only, the Nogo-P3 amplitude was lower to Facebook-related, pleasant, and neutral than to unpleasant stimuli, suggesting less efficient inhibition with natural and Facebook-related rewards. Of note, all participants were slower to respond to Facebook-related and pleasant Go trials compared with unpleasant and neutral pictures. Consistently, the Nogo-N2 amplitude was larger to Facebook-related than all other picture contents in both groups. Overall, the findings suggest that PSNSU is associated with reduced inhibitory control. These results should be considered in the debate about the neural correlates of PSNSU, suggesting more similarities than differences between PSNSU and addictive behaviors.

scholarly journals GABAergic Modulation of Response Inhibition and Interference Control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaja Faßbender ◽  
Katharina Bey ◽  
Julia V. Lippold ◽  
rene hurlemann ◽  
Ulrich Ettinger
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Flanker Task ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Interference Control ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Delta Plots ◽  
Over Time

Background: Inhibitory control is a crucial executive function with high relevance to mental and physical wellbeing. However, there are still unanswered questions regarding its neural mechanisms, including the role of the major inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Aims: This study examined the effects of lorazepam (0.5 mg and 1 mg), a positive allosteric modulator at the GABAA receptor, on response inhibition and interference control. We also explored the heterogeneity of inhibitory control and calculated delta plots to explore whether lorazepam affects the gradual build-up of inhibition and activation over time. Method: A sample of N=50 healthy participants performed antisaccade, Eriksen flanker and Simon tasks in a within-subjects, placebo-controlled, double-blind randomised design. Results: Lorazepam increased mean reaction times (MRT) and error rates dose-dependently in all tasks (p≤.005). In the antisaccade and Simon tasks, lorazepam increased congruency effects for error rate (p≤.029) but not for MRT (p≥.587). In the Eriksen flanker task, both congruency effects were increased by the drug (p≤.031). Delta plots did not reflect any drug-induced changes in inhibition and activation over time. Delta plots for MRT in the Simon task were negative-going, as expected, whereas those for the antisaccade and flanker tasks were positive-going. Conclusions: This study provides clear evidence for GABAergic involvement in inhibitory control. Furthermore, our findings highlight the diversity of inhibitory control while also pointing out similarities between different inhibitory control tasks. In contrast to MRTs and error rates, the cognitive processes provided by delta plots appear not to be sensitive to GABAergic modulation.Draft version, 02.04.2020. This paper has not been peer reviewed. Please do not copy or cite without author's permission.

Catecholaminergic effects on inhibitory control depend on the interplay of prior task experience and working memory demands

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 (6) ◽  
pp. 678-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wiebke Bensmann ◽  
Nicolas Zink ◽  
Veit Roessner ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Stock ◽  
Christian Beste
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Crossover Study ◽  
Mental Rotation ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Rotation Condition ◽  
Task Experience

Background: Catecholamines affect response inhibition, but the effects of methylphenidate on inhibitory control in healthy subjects are heterogenous. Theoretical considerations suggest that working memory demands and learning/familiarization processes are important factors to consider regarding catecholaminergic effects on response inhibition. Aims: The purpose of this study was to examine the role of working memory demands and familiarization for methylphenidate effects on response inhibition. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy adults received a single dose of methylphenidate (0.5 mg/kg) or placebo in a randomised, double-blind, crossover study design. The subjects were tested using a working memory-modulated response inhibition paradigm that combined a Go/Nogo task with a mental rotation task. Results: Methylphenidate effects were largest in the most challenging mental rotation condition. The direction of effects depended on the extent of the participants’ task experience. When performing the task for the first time, methylphenidate impaired response inhibition performance in the most challenging mental rotation condition, as reflected by an increased false alarm rate. In sharp contrast to this, methylphenidate seemed to improve response execution performance in the most challenging condition when performing the task for the second time as reflected by reaction times on Go trials. Conclusion: Effects of catecholamines on inhibitory control processes depend on the interplay of two factors: (a) working memory demands, and (b) learning or familiarization with a task. It seems that the net effect of increases in gain control and decreases in working memory processes determines the methylphenidate effect on response inhibition. Hence, crossover study designs likely underestimate methylphenidate effects on cognitive functions.

scholarly journals Alcohol Belongs Here: Assessing Alcohol-related Inhibitory Control with a Contextual Go/No-Go Task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Rebecca Pennington ◽  
Rebecca Monk ◽  
Adam Qureshi ◽  
Derek Heim
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
False Alarm ◽  
False Alarm Rate ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Social Drinkers ◽  
The Social ◽  
Drinking Context ◽  
Context Free

There is a growing awareness of the need to explore the social and environmental milieus that drive alcohol consumption and related cognitions. The current study examined the extent to which alcohol-congruent and incongruent drinking contexts modulate alcohol-related inhibitory control using a novel Go/No-Go task. One-hundred and eight participants (Mage = 20 years; SD = 4.87) were instructed to inhibit their responses to visual alcoholic (Alcohol/No-Go condition, n = 50) or non-alcoholic stimuli (Alcohol/Go condition, n = 58) depicted in an alcohol-congruent (pub), incongruent (library) or context free (control) condition. Participants in the Alcohol/Go condition exhibited higher false alarm rate (FAR) towards non-alcoholic stimuli and faster reaction times (RT) to alcoholic stimuli depicted in the alcohol-congruent and incongruent context compared to the Alcohol/No-Go condition. In contrast, FAR towards alcoholic stimuli (Alcohol/No-Go condition) were not significantly affected by drinking context but RT was faster when non-alcoholic stimuli were presented in an alcohol-incongruent (i.e., library) compared to alcohol-congruent context (i.e., pub). The discussion turns to potential explanations for these findings, suggesting that social drinkers might exhibit approach tendencies towards alcoholic images that translate into errors towards non-alcoholic stimuli, and that image complexity influences response inhibition.

scholarly journals Effects of tDCS during inhibitory control training on performance and PTSD, aggression and anxiety symptoms: a randomized-controlled trial in a military sample

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Fenne M. Smits ◽  
Elbert Geuze ◽  
Dennis J. L. G. Schutter ◽  
Jack van Honk ◽  
Thomas E. Gladwin
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Anodal Tdcs ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Impulsive Aggression ◽  
The Right ◽  
Inhibition Training

Abstract Background Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and impulsive aggression are linked to transdiagnostic neurocognitive deficits. This includes impaired inhibitory control over inappropriate responses. Prior studies showed that inhibitory control can be improved by modulating the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in combination with inhibitory control training. However, its clinical potential remains unclear. We therefore aimed to replicate a tDCS-enhanced inhibitory control training in a clinical sample and test whether this reduces stress-related mental health symptoms. Methods In a preregistered double-blind randomized-controlled trial, 100 active-duty military personnel and post-active veterans with PTSD, anxiety, or impulsive aggression symptoms underwent a 5-session intervention where a stop-signal response inhibition training was combined with anodal tDCS over the right IFG for 20 min at 1.25 mA. Inhibitory control was evaluated with the emotional go/no-go task and implicit association test. Stress-related symptoms were assessed by self-report at baseline, post-intervention, and after 3-months and 1-year follow-ups. Results Active relative to sham tDCS neither influenced performance during inhibitory control training nor on assessment tasks, and did also not significantly influence self-reported symptoms of PTSD, anxiety, impulsive aggression, or depression at post-assessment or follow-up. Conclusions Our results do not support the idea that anodal tDCS over the right IFG at 1.25 mA enhances response inhibition training in a clinical sample, or that this tDCS-training combination can reduce stress-related symptoms. Applying different tDCS parameters or combining tDCS with more challenging tasks might provide better conditions to modulate cognitive functioning and stress-related symptoms.

scholarly journals Severe violations of independence in response inhibition tasks

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. eabf4355
Author(s):  
Patrick G. Bissett ◽  
Henry M. Jones ◽  
Russell A. Poldrack ◽  
Gordon D. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Stop Signal ◽  
Experimental Paradigm ◽  
Signal Delay ◽  
Independence Assumption ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Saccadic Responses

The stop-signal paradigm, a primary experimental paradigm for understanding cognitive control and response inhibition, rests upon the theoretical foundation of race models, which assume that a go process races independently against a stop process that occurs after a stop-signal delay (SSD). We show that severe violations of this independence assumption at short SSDs occur systematically across a wide range of conditions, including fast and slow reaction times, auditory and visual stop signals, manual and saccadic responses, and especially in selective stopping. We also reanalyze existing data and show that conclusions can change when short SSDs are excluded. Last, we suggest experimental and analysis techniques to address this violation, and propose adjustments to extant models to accommodate this finding.

scholarly journals On the interrelation of 1/f neural noise and norepinephrine system activity during motor response inhibition

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 1633-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maik Pertermann ◽  
Moritz Mückschel ◽  
Nico Adelhöfer ◽  
Tjalf Ziemssen ◽  
Christian Beste
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Human Information Processing ◽  
System Activity ◽  
Neural Noise ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Norepinephrine System

Several lines of evidence suggest that there is a close interrelation between the degree of noise in neural circuits and the activity of the norepinephrine (NE) system, yet the precise nexus between these aspects is far from being understood during human information processing and cognitive control in particular. We examine this nexus during response inhibition in n = 47 healthy participants. Using high-density EEG recordings, we estimate neural noise by calculating “1/ f noise” of those data and integrate these EEG parameters with pupil diameter data as an established indirect index of NE system activity. We show that neural noise is reduced when cognitive control processes to inhibit a prepotent/automated response are exerted. These neural noise variations were confined to the theta frequency band, which has also been shown to play a central role during response inhibition and cognitive control. There were strong positive correlations between the 1 /f neural noise parameter and the pupil diameter data within the first 250 ms after the Nogo stimulus presentation at centro-parietal electrode sites. No such correlations were evident during automated responding on Go trials. Source localization analyses using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography show that inferior parietal areas are activated in this time period in Nogo trials. The data suggest an interrelation of NE system activity and neural noise within early stages of information processing associated with inferior parietal areas when cognitive control processes are required. The data provide the first direct evidence for the nexus between NE system activity and the modulation of neural noise during inhibitory control in humans. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study showing that there is a nexus between norepinephrine system activity and the modulation of neural noise or scale-free neural activity during inhibitory control in humans. It does so by integrating pupil diameter data with analysis of EEG neural noise.

scholarly journals Uncontrolled Eating in Healthy Women Has Limited Influence on Food Reward Sensitivity and Food-Related Inhibitory Control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maud Grol ◽  
Luis Cásedas ◽  
Danna Oomen ◽  
Desirée Spronk ◽  
Elaine Fox
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Food Consumption ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Reward Sensitivity ◽  
Specific Response ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Uncontrolled Eating

Uncontrolled eating—in the general population—is characterized by overeating, hedonic hunger and being drawn towards palatable foods. Theoretically, it is the result of a strong food reward signal in relation to a poor ability to exert inhibitory control. How food consumption influences inhibitory control and food reward sensitivity, and how this relates to the continued urge to eat, remains unclear though. We used fMRI (N=40) in order to investigate the neural mechanism underlying food reward sensitivity and food-specific response inhibition (go-nogo task), by comparing women reporting high versus low/average uncontrolled eating across two sessions: during an inter-meal hunger state and after consumption of a high-caloric snack. We found no effects of individual differences in uncontrolled eating, food consumption, nor their interaction on food reward sensitivity. Differences in uncontrolled eating and food consumption did interact in modulating activity in the left superior occipital gyrus during response inhibition of non-food stimuli, an area previously associated with successful nogo- vs. go-trials. Yet, behavioural performance on the go-nogo task was not modulated by uncontrolled eating nor food consumption. Women with a low/average tendency for uncontrolled eating may need more cognitive resources to support successful response inhibition of non-food stimuli during food ‘go’ blocks in an inter-meal hunger state, whereas women with a high tendency for uncontrolled eating showed this after food consumption. Considering current and previous findings, it seems that individual differences in uncontrolled eating in healthy women have only limited influence on food reward sensitivity and food-related inhibitory control, whereas differences in weight status (e.g., obesity) may have more impact.

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