scholarly journals The effect of anxiety on brain activation patterns in response to inspiratory occlusions: an fMRI study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Ying S. Chan ◽  
Yu-Ting Wu ◽  
Ai-Ling Hsu ◽  
Chia-Wei Li ◽  
Changwei W. Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activation ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Normal Lung ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Cingulate Gyrus ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
The Right

Abstract Respiratory sensations such as breathlessness are prevalent in many diseases and are amplified by increased levels of anxiety. Cortical activation in response to inspiratory occlusions in high- and low-anxious individuals was found different in previous studies using the respiratory-related evoked potential method. However, specific brain areas showed different activation patterns remained unknown in these studies. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare cortical and subcortical neural substrates of respiratory sensation in response to inspiratory mechanical occlusion stimuli between high- and low-anxious individuals using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In addition, associations between brain activation patterns and levels of anxiety, and breathlessness were examined. Thirty-four (17 high- and 17 low-anxious) healthy non-smoking adults with normal lung function completed questionnaires on anxiety (State Trait Anxiety Inventory - State), and participated in a transient inspiratory occlusion fMRI experiment. The participants breathed with a customized face-mask while respiration was repeatedly interrupted by a transient inspiratory occlusion of 150-msec, delivered every 2 to 4 breaths. Breathlessness was assessed by self-report. At least 32 occluded breaths were collected for data analysis. The results showed that compared to the low-anxious group, the high-anxious individuals demonstrated significantly greater neural activations in the hippocampus, insula, and middle cingulate gyrus in response to inspiratory occlusions. Moreover, a significant relationship was found between anxiety levels and activations of the right inferior parietal gyrus, and the right precuneus. Additionally, breathlessness levels were significantly associated with activations of the bilateral thalamus, bilateral insula and bilateral cingulate gyrus. The above evidences support stronger recruitment of emotion-related cortical and subcortical brain areas in higher anxious individuals, and thus these areas play an important role in respiratory mechanosensation mediated by anxiety.

scholarly journals Longitudinal changes in brain activation during anticipation of monetary loss in bipolar disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (16) ◽  
pp. 2781-2788 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Manelis ◽  
Richelle Stiffler ◽  
Jeanette C. Lockovich ◽  
Jorge R. C. Almeida ◽  
Haris A. Aslam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Emotional Arousal ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Longitudinal Changes ◽  
The Right ◽  
Cue Processing

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with bipolar disorder (BD) show aberrant brain activation patterns during reward and loss anticipation. We examined for the first time longitudinal changes in brain activation during win and loss anticipation to identify trait markers of aberrant anticipatory processing in BD.MethodsThirty-four euthymic and depressed individuals with BD-I and 17 healthy controls (HC) were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging twice 6 months apart during a reward task.ResultsHC, but not individuals with BD, showed longitudinal reductions in the right lateral occipital cortex (RLOC) activation during processing of cues predicting possible money loss (p-corrected <0.05). This result was not affected by psychotropic medication, mood state or the changes in depression/mania severity between the two scans in BD. Elevated symptoms of subthreshold hypo/mania at baseline predicted more aberrant longitudinal patterns of RLOC activation explaining 12.5% of variance in individuals with BD.ConclusionsIncreased activation in occipital cortex during negative outcome anticipation may be related to elevated negative emotional arousal during anticipatory cue processing. One interpretation is that, unlike HC, individuals with BD were not able to learn at baseline that monetary losses were smaller than monetary gains and were not able to reduce emotional arousal for negative cues 6 months later. Future research in BD should examine how modulating occipital cortical activation affects learning from experience in individuals with BD.

Electrophysiological Measures of Language Processing in Bilinguals

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (7) ◽  
pp. 994-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Mado Proverbio ◽  
Barbara Čok ◽  
Alberto Zani
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Bilingual Speakers ◽  
The Right

The aim of the present study was to investigate how multiple languages are represented in the human brain. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from right-handed polyglots and monolinguals during a task involving silent reading. The participants in the experiment were nine Italian monolinguals and nine Italian/Slovenian bilinguals of a Slovenian minority in Trieste; the bilinguals, highly fluent in both languages, had spoken both languages since birth. The stimuli were terminal words that would correctly complete a short, meaningful, previously shown sentence, or else were semantically or syntactically incorrect. The task consisted in deciding whether the sentences were well formed or not, giving the response by pressing a button. Both groups read the same set of 200 Italian sentences to compare the linguistic processing, while the bilinguals also received a set of 200 Slovenian sentences, comparable in complexity and length, to compare the processing of the two languages within the group. For the bilinguals, the ERP results revealed a strong, left-sided activation, reflected by the N1 component, of the occipito-temporal regions dedicated to orthographic processing, with a latency of about 150 msec for Slovenian words, but bilateral activation of the same areas for Italian words, which was also displayed by topographical mapping. In monolinguals, semantic error produced a long-lasting negative response (N2 and N4) that was greater over the right hemisphere, whereas syntactic error activated mostly the left hemisphere. Conversely, in the bilinguals, semantic incongruence resulted in greater response over the left hemisphere than over the right. In this group, the P615 syntactical error responses were of equal amplitude on both hemispheres for Italian words and greater on the right side for Slovenian words. The present findings support the view that there are inter- and intrahemispheric brain activation asymmetries when monolingual and bilingual speakers comprehend written language. The fact that the bilingual speakers in the present study were highly fluent and had acquired both languages in early infancy suggests that the brain activation patterns do not depend on the age of acquisition or the fluency level, as in the case of late, not-so-proficient L2 language learners, but on the functional organization of the bilinguals' brain due to polyglotism and based on brain plasticity.

scholarly journals Exploration of human movement processing in autism spectrum disorder

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dewy Nijhof ◽  
Paula Regener ◽  
Naree Kim ◽  
Jussi Tohka ◽  
Jukka-Pekka Kauppi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Default Mode Network ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
The Right ◽  
Opening Up

Abstract Evidence regarding whether people diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show differences in processing human movement is mixed, with recent findings being both in support and in contrast. To provide more clarity, this study utilised inter-subject correlation (ISC) analysis to quantify similarities in human movement processing in fMRI responses to a naturalistic movie paradigm portraying ballet dance between adults with and without ASD. Moreover, similarities within each individuals fMRI responses over repeated viewings were quantified to see if responses were stable and if idiosyncratic patterns could be determined. One group difference found was a cluster in the right posterior cingulate showing significantly lower ISC for the ASD group, corresponding to extensive literature showing atypical activity in the Default Mode Network in ASD. Idiosyncratic brain activation patterns were found only for a subset of ASD individuals, opening up the possibility to subtypes and a possible link to severity in symptoms.

Cerebral and systemic hemodynamic changes during cognitive and motor activation paradigms

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (6) ◽  
pp. R1581-R1588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Moody ◽  
Ronney B. Panerai ◽  
Penelope J. Eames ◽  
John F. Potter
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Cerebral Blood Flow ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Hemispheric Dominance ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Hemodynamic Changes ◽  
Word Generation ◽  
The Right

Cognitive and/or sensorimotor stimulations of the brain induce increases in cerebral blood flow that are usually associated with increased metabolic demand. We tested the hypothesis that changes in arterial blood pressure (ABP) and arterial Pco2 also take place during brain activation protocols designed to induce hemispheric lateralization, leading to a pressure-autoregulatory response in addition to the metabolic-driven changes usually assumed by brain stimulation paradigms. Continuous recordings of cerebral blood flow velocity [CBFV; bilateral, middle cerebral artery (MCA)], ABP, ECG, and end-tidal Pco2 (PetCO2) were performed in 15 right-handed healthy subjects (aged 21–43 yr), in the seated position, at rest and during 10 repeated presentations of a word generation and a constructional puzzle paradigm that are known to induce differential cortical activation. Derived variables included heart rate, cerebrovascular resistance, critical closing pressure, resistance area product, and the difference between the right and left MCA recordings (CBFVR-L). No adaptation of the CBFVR-L difference was detected for the repeated presentation of 10 activation tasks, for either paradigm. During activation with the word generation tasks, CBFV changed by (mean ± SD) 9.0 ± 3.7% (right MCA, P = 0.0007) and by 12.3 ± 7.6% (left MCA, P = 0.0007), ABP by 7.7 ± 6.0 mmHg ( P = 0.0007), heart rate by 7.1 ± 5.3 beats/min ( P = 0.0008), and PetCO2 by −2.32 ± 2.23 Torr ( P = 0.002). For the puzzle paradigm, CBFV changed by 13.9 ± 6.6% (right MCA, P = 0.0007) and by 11.5 ± 6.2% (left MCA, P = 0.0007), ABP by 7.1 ± 8.4 mmHg ( P = 0.0054), heart rate by 7.9 ± 4.6 beats/min ( P = 0.0008), and PetCO2 by −2.42 ± 2.59 Torr ( P = 0.001). The word paradigm led to greater left hemispheric dominance than the right hemispheric dominance observed with the puzzle paradigm ( P = 0.004). We concluded that significant changes in ABP and PetCO2 levels occur during brain activation protocols, and these contribute to the evoked change in CBFV. A pressure-autoregulatory response can be observed in addition to the hemodynamic changes induced by increases in metabolic demand. Simultaneous changes in Pco2 and heart rate add to the complexity of the response, indicating the need for more detailed modeling and better understanding of brain activation paradigms.

Frontal  activation  patterns  during  Tetris game  play  and  differences  between  high  and  low performers:  a preliminary functional  near-infrared  spectroscopy study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Nakahachi ◽  
Ryouhei Ishii ◽  
Leonides Canuet ◽  
Iori Sato ◽  
Kiyoko Kamibeppu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: Tetris has recently expanded its place of activity not only to the original entertainment but also to clinical applications such as prevention of trauma flashback. However, to our knowledge, no studies focused on the cortical activation patterns themselves when playing Tetris in a natural form. This study aimed to investigate the activation patterns in the frontal cortex during naturally-performed Tetris for 90 seconds in 24 healthy subjects using functional near-infrared spectroscopy robust to artifacts by motion and electric devices. We also calculated the correlations of behavioral data with cortical activations, and compared the differences in activations between the high and low performers of Tetris. Results: The results demonstrated that significant activations in the frontal cortex during Tetris play had two factors, each showing a similar activation pattern. One of the factors was distributed over the lateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally, and the other was localized to the right prefrontal cortex. Moreover, in the high performers, the activations of the areas centered on the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were estimated to increase and correlations of the activations between those areas and the other areas decrease compared with the low performers. Conclusions: It is suggested that high Tetris performers might reduce functional connectivity between activations of the areas centered on the right DLPFC and the other areas, and increase the local activations compared with low performers. It would be necessary to consider whether its visuospatial cognitive loads stimulate the appropriate areas of the subject’s brain to effectively utilize Tetris play for clinical interventions.

Sex differences in brain activation patterns during processing of positively and negatively valenced emotional words

2006 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEX HOFER ◽  
CHRISTIAN M. SIEDENTOPF ◽  
ANJA ISCHEBECK ◽  
MARIA A. RETTENBACHER ◽  
MICHAEL VERIUS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activation ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Gender Disparity ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Supramarginal Gyrus ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Emotional Words ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Diseases ◽  
The Right

Background. Previous studies have suggested that men and women process emotional stimuli differently. In this study, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate gender differences in regional cerebral activity during the perception of positive or negative emotions.Method. The experiment comprised two emotional conditions (positively/negatively valenced words) during which fMRI data were acquired.Results. Thirty-eight healthy volunteers (19 males, 19 females) were investigated. A direct comparison of brain activation between men and women revealed differential activation in the right putamen, the right superior temporal gyrus, and the left supramarginal gyrus during processing of positively valenced words versus non-words for women versus men. By contrast, during processing of negatively valenced words versus non-words, relatively greater activation was seen in the left perirhinal cortex and hippocampus for women versus men, and in the right supramarginal gyrus for men versus women.Conclusions. Our findings suggest gender-related neural responses to emotional stimuli and could contribute to the understanding of mechanisms underlying the gender disparity of neuropsychiatric diseases such as mood disorders.

Abstract TP321: Testing a Neural Activity Triggered Device for Stroke Rehabilitation

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Song ◽  
Leo Walton ◽  
Ricardo Pizarro ◽  
Svyatoslav Vergun ◽  
Veena Nair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Plasticity ◽  
Arm Movement ◽  
Cortical Activation ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Range Of Movement ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Intention To Move ◽  
Increased Strength ◽  
The Right

Background: In this ongoing study we are testing a closed-loop neurological feedback device that can facilitate functional recovery in stroke patients with upper extremity motor deficits. Methods: This device combines Brain Computer Interface (BCI) and functional electrical muscle stimulation (FES), together with tongue stimulation (TS) in order to utilize the subject’s intention-to-move with the stimulated output. FMRI is used to examine the brain plasticity changes secondary to the rehabilitation. Subjects, wearing a 16-channel EEG cap, are first trained to voluntarily modulate beta and mu rhythms as they use motor imagery or execution of left and right hand squeezing task and then trained to use this imagery or execution to control the movement of a cursor, either to the right or the left depending on the presentation of a target rectangle shown on the screen. Once subjects achieve consistent accuracy in doing this task, FES in conjunction with TS is used. The subject is then asked to perform the task with the stimulation of FES and TS linked to their task performance. Results: Two chronic stroke patients (mean age=57, 1 male, more than 1 year postonset) were able to complete the entire 3-week BCI training course and to perform the tasks at a > 70% success rate. Cortical activation recorded by EEG in response to attempted paretic arm movement became concentrated over the contralateral motor areas. Similar changes were confirmed by fMRI measures (Figure 1). Although neither subject showed any improvement on the Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), subjects self-reported increased strength, less spasticity and a greater range of movement in their paretic arm. Conclusion: Our preliminary results indicate that training with the device may lead to brain plasticity changes toward normalization of cortical activation patterns and promote behavioral improvements for stroke patients even in their chronic stage.

Working memory dysfunction in schizophrenia patients with obsessive-compulsive symptoms: An fMRI study

2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bleich-Cohen ◽  
T. Hendler ◽  
R. Weizman ◽  
S. Faragian ◽  
A. Weizman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Brain Activation ◽  
Distinct Pattern ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Similar Reduction ◽  
Activation Patterns ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
The Right

AbstractBackground:A substantial proportion of schizophrenia patients also meets DSM-IV criteria for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Schizophrenia with OCD (“schizo-obsessive”) patients are characterized by distinct clinical characteristics, treatment response and prognosis. Whether schizo-obsessive patients exhibit a distinct pattern of brain activation is yet unknown. To address this question, the present functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study explicitly compared alterations in brain activation and functional connectivity (FC) underlying a working memory deficit in schizophrenia patients with and without OCD.Methods:fMRI was applied during the N-back working memory (WM) task in three groups: schizo-obsessive (n = 16), schizophrenia (n = 17) and matched healthy volunteers (n = 20). WM-related activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the right caudate nucleus, brain areas relevant to schizophrenia and OCD, and FC analysis were used for the evaluation.Results:The two schizophrenia groups with and without OCD exhibited a similar reduction in activation in the right DLPFC and right caudate, as well as decreased FC compared to the healthy controls. Notably, reduced regional brain activation was not related to severity of schizophrenic or OCD symptoms.Conclusions:Schizo-obsessive patients do not differ from their non-OCD schizophrenia counterparts in brain activation patterns during the N-back WM task. Cognitive paradigms taping alternative neural networks (e.g., orbitofrontal cortex) particularly relevant to OCD, are warranted in the search for potential distinctive brain activation patterns of the schizo-obsessive subgroup.

Test-Retest Reliability of a Self-Report Questionnaire for DSM-IV and ICD-10 Personality Disorders

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Ottosson ◽  
Martin Grann ◽  
Gunnar Kullgren
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Personality Disorders ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Anxiety State ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Axis I ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Summary: Short-term stability or test-retest reliability of self-reported personality traits is likely to be biased if the respondent is affected by a depressive or anxiety state. However, in some studies, DSM-oriented self-reported instruments have proved to be reasonably stable in the short term, regardless of co-occurring depressive or anxiety disorders. In the present study, we examined the short-term test-retest reliability of a new self-report questionnaire for personality disorder diagnosis (DIP-Q) on a clinical sample of 30 individuals, having either a depressive, an anxiety, or no axis-I disorder. Test-retest scorings from subjects with depressive disorders were mostly unstable, with a significant change in fulfilled criteria between entry and retest for three out of ten personality disorders: borderline, avoidant and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Scorings from subjects with anxiety disorders were unstable only for cluster C and dependent personality disorder items. In the absence of co-morbid depressive or anxiety disorders, mean dimensional scores of DIP-Q showed no significant differences between entry and retest. Overall, the effect from state on trait scorings was moderate, and it is concluded that test-retest reliability for DIP-Q is acceptable.

Aerobic locomotor exercise modulates brain activation patterns in chronic stroke survivors

2005 ◽  
Vol 32 (S 4) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.R Luft ◽  
L Forrester ◽  
F Villagra ◽  
R Macko ◽  
D.F Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activation ◽  
Chronic Stroke ◽  
Stroke Survivors ◽  
Activation Patterns
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