scholarly journals Parrots do not show inequity aversion

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anastasia Krasheninnikova ◽  
Désirée Brucks ◽  
Nina Buffenoir ◽  
Dániel Rivas Blanco ◽  
Delphine Soulet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Inequity Aversion ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Cooperative Interactions ◽  
Unequal Treatment ◽  
Token Exchange ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Parrot Species ◽  
High Condition

Abstract Inequity aversion, the negative reaction to unequal treatment, is considered a mechanism for stabilizing cooperative interactions between non-kin group members. However, this might only be adaptive for species that switch cooperative partners. Utilizing a comparative approach, inequity aversion has been assessed in many mammalian species and recently also in corvids and one parrot species, kea, revealing mixed results. To broaden our knowledge about the phylogenetic distribution of inequity aversion, we tested four parrot species in the token exchange paradigm. We varied the quality of rewards delivered to dyads of birds, as well as the effort required to obtain a reward. Blue-headed macaws and African grey parrots showed no reaction to being rewarded unequally. The bigger macaws were less willing to exchange tokens in the “unequal” condition compared to the “equal high” condition in which both birds obtained high quality rewards, but a closer examination of the results and the findings from the control conditions reveal that inequity aversion does not account for it. None of the species responded to inequity in terms of effort. Parrots may not exhibit inequity aversion due to interdependence on their life-long partner and the high costs associated with finding a new partner.

Subtitle Translation Strategies of Dish Name in the Chinese Documentary-A Bite of China 1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Qi ◽  
◽  
Ang Lay Hoon ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Dietary Habit ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Cultural Ideology ◽  
Object Of Study ◽  
Chinese Films

With the implementation of “go globally” strategy of Chinese culture, a large number of Chinese films and TV programs have been produced to go abroad. As a medium and carrier of cultural communication, the quality of documentary subtitle translation determines whether Chinese culture can be appropriately disseminated or not. This paper aims to investigate the translation strategies of culture-specific items with special focus on name of dishes. The object of study in this paper is A Bite of China 1 produced by CCTV in 2012, which is not only about Chinese foods but also geography, local customs and dietary habit. Firstly, by using comparative approach, the linguistic characteristics are discussed to identify the similarities and differences between source and translated dish names. Then the translation strategies for dish name are examined. Next, such factors affecting translation strategies as cultural ideology is analyzed. The objective of this paper is to study what translation strategies are possibly adopted when translating Chinese dish name into English in the documentary. The findings show that in the process of dish name translation of Chinese documentaries, domestication and foreignization are two frequently used strategies which is complementary to each other.

Effect of Group Heterogeneity on Quality of Task Solutions

1982 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 171-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael G. Aamodt ◽  
Wilson W. Kimbrough
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Group Heterogeneity ◽  
Group Members

Subjects were placed into groups on the basis of either trait homogeneity or heterogeneity with the other group members and were given a group task to complete. The results indicated group answers of superior quality when the group was composed of heterogeneous individuals rather than homogeneous individuals.

scholarly journals SUPERVISION

Al-Risalah ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-99
Author(s):  
Rohimah Rohimah
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Continuous Improvement ◽  
Business Organization ◽  
First Line ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Organization Quality ◽  
Or Organization ◽  
Made In

The movement (leading) of action make appoint group members trying to achieve the goals in accordance with the business organization. “Leading is defined as motivating, directing and otherwise on influencing people to work hard to achieve the organization’s gools”. Institutions as well educational institusionas as oriented to the quality is focused on two customers that customers internal and external. The realize quality of institution or organization according Juran focused on tree activities are Planning, supervision and repairing known as trilogy Juran while Feiganbaum see activities organization quality can be seen fromthe improvement of management continuous improvement employees, leadership, and supervision in first-line, and supervison quality. This can be seen from the activities of leadership in guiding, communicate and decision making in accordance with the work will be made. In this case the most important is how leaders can inform duties and steps of work to do all member organizations to achieve the goal.

scholarly journals Measuring learning quality by Moroccan university students

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 298-307
Author(s):  
Fatima Zahra SOUBHI ◽  
Mohammed Aitdaoud ◽  
Laurent Lima ◽  
Mohammed Talbi
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
The People ◽  
Process Learning ◽  
Higher Education Pedagogy ◽  
Evaluation Of Teaching ◽  
European Students ◽  
Teaching Learning

  Abstract The evolution of teaching is currently considered a very important task, both from an institutional and a moral viewpoint. The evaluation of such a domain, and its conduct, has been reported by several research studies in the literature. “Who? What? How? Drawing from which references? Which clues? Should the people assessed take part in the process? To what extent should the results be publicized?” (Demailly, 2001). For that reason, we will first draw some guidelines for the evaluation of teaching and try to define its possible objectives. Three main domains may be contemplated: teachers’ activity (teaching), the learning process (learning), and the effects of the teaching/learning process. These draw upon an enquiry carried out in three different faculties by our research team. This study is related to the VOLUBILIS project "Moroccan and European students: a comparative approach”, which aims to identify the challenges and expectations of Moroccan students. The purpose of this research is to indicate how students at Hassan II University of Casablanca judge the quality of their studies. We will be able to show that an evaluation of courses by students is both possible and profitable. As a matter of fact, this enquiry has brought up valuable information about higher education pedagogy that concerns the three fields mentioned earlier, and it also offer some suggestions to generate improvements. Keywords: evaluation, teaching, students, quality, higher education, ACP.    

Revisiting the question of nucleated versus enucleated erythrocytes in birds and mammals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kang Nian Yap ◽  
Yufeng Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Energetic Cost ◽  
Cell Organelles ◽  
Mean Cell Volume ◽  
Physiological Functions ◽  
Avian Erythrocytes

Erythrocyte enucleation is thought to have evolved in mammals to support their energetic cost of high metabolic activities. However, birds face similar selection pressure yet possess nucleated erythrocytes. Current hypotheses on the mammalian erythrocyte enucleation claim that the absence of cell organelles allows erythrocytes to 1) pack more hemoglobin into the cells to increase oxygen carrying capacity and 2) decrease erythrocyte size for increased surface area-to-volume ratio, and improved ability to traverse small capillaries. In this article, we first empirically tested current hypotheses using both conventional and phylogenetically informed analysis comparing literature values of mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean cell volume (MCV) between 181 avian and 194 mammalian species. We found no difference in MCHC levels between birds and mammals using both conventional and phylogenetically corrected analysis. MCV was higher in birds than mammals according to conventional analysis, but the difference was lost when we controlled for phylogeny. These results suggested that avian and mammalian erythrocytes may employ different strategies to solve a common problem. To further investigate existing hypotheses or develop new hypothesis, we need to understand the functions of various organelles in avian erythrocytes. Consequently, we covered potential physiological functions of various cell organelles in avian erythrocytes based on current knowledge, while making explicit comparisons to their mammalian counterparts. Finally, we proposed by taking an integrative and comparative approach, using tools from molecular biology to evolutionary biology, would allow us to better understand the fundamental physiological functions of various components of avian and mammalian erythrocytes.

Corporate Governance in Comparative Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Helmut K. Anheier ◽  
Christoph M. Abels
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Financial Crisis ◽  
Social Enterprises ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Comparative Perspective ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Legal Foundation ◽  
Quality Of Governance

In a broad sense, corporate governance describes the mechanisms, relations, and processes through which the interests of a corporation’s stakeholders are balanced. Yet, corporate governance is not limited to companies but can be found in international organisations, philanthropic foundations, and social enterprises, among other organisational forms. This chapter outlines the volume’s comparative approach that highlights the diversity of corporate governance across different forms and fields. Starting with the financial crisis, the chapter discusses the legal foundation of corporate governance regimes and introduces the relevant laws and codes as well as prominent indicators to measure the quality of governance in corporations. Afterwards, the book’s chapters are briefly introduced and connected to the volume’s overarching interest.

scholarly journals Revision and Participation Patterns in Grades 5 and 6 Wiki Writing

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Christine Portier ◽  
Shelley Stagg Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Writing Groups ◽  
Middle Grade ◽  
Action Research Project ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Willingness To Change ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Member

Our study examined middle grade students’ participation in wikis during their two-month social studies unit co-taught by two teachers as part of a larger action research project. Using an analysis of 42 grades 5 and 6 students working together in eight wiki writing groups, we report on the frequency and types of revisions they made to collaboratively-written essays, and the distribution of the workload across group members in each of the wiki groups. Discussion data with 16 students from these wiki groups helps contextualize our analysis.Our findings suggest that given their extended time to write, students revised frequently, making replacements more often than they deleted, added or moved content. Students indicated a willingness to change others’ contributions and to have their own contributions revised by others in order to improve the quality of the essays. The majority of their revisions were at the word level, rather than at sentence, paragraph, and whole-text levels. One student in each group contributed significantly more frequently than any other group member. There were no gender or grade patterns in the frequencies or types of contributions that students made to the wikis.

Social loafing in group-based learning: student-created and instructor-created group perspectives

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-501
Author(s):  
Rajesh Rajaguru ◽  
Roshni Narendran ◽  
Gayathri Rajesh
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Educational Achievement ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Disruptive Behaviour ◽  
Social Loafing ◽  
Work Quality ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Group Members

PurposeSocial loafing is a key inhibitor in group-based student learning and is a key challenge in administering group-based assessments in higher education. This study examines differences in the effects of antecedents of social loafing (disruptive behaviour, social disconnectedness and apathy) on work quality by comparing student-created and instructor-created groups. The study also investigates how group members' efforts to “pick up the slack” of social loafers in the two kinds of groups moderate the effect of antecedents of social loafing on work quality.Design/methodology/approachPost-graduate students from two different sessions of the Marketing Management unit participated in the study: 95 students from session 1 and 90 students from session 2. One session represented student-created groups and the other session represented instructor-created groups. Each group consisted of five students. Partial Least Square (PLS) estimation using SmartPLS was used to assess the direct and interaction effects.FindingsThe results indicate differences in the effects of the antecedents of social loafing such as apathy and disruptive behaviour on work quality for both student-created and instructor-created groups. Social disconnectedness was found to have no significant effect on work quality. Interestingly, the study found significant differences in the effects of “pick up the slack” on the work quality of student-created and instructor-created groups. Members of student-created groups who picked up the slack of social loafers improved the work quality for unit assessment. This effect was not significant for instructor-created groups.Originality/valueExtant literature on social loafing predominantly focusses on its effect on students' work quality and educational achievement. This study contributes to the literature by investigating how the student-created and instructor-created group members' efforts to pick up the slack of social loafers moderate the effects of the antecedents of social loafing on work quality.

scholarly journals Cognitive Stimulation for Apathy in Probable Early-Stage Alzheimer's

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L. Buettner ◽  
Suzanne Fitzsimmons ◽  
Serdar Atav ◽  
Kaycee Sink
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Memory Loss ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Senior Center ◽  
Symptoms Of Depression ◽  
Group Members

We studied changes in apathy among 77 community-dwelling older persons with mild memory loss in a randomized clinical trial comparing two nonpharmacological interventions over four weeks. The study used a pre-post design with randomization by site to avoid contamination and diffusion of effect. Interventions were offered twice weekly after baseline evaluations were completed. The treatment group received classroom style mentally stimulating activities (MSAs) while the control group received a structured early-stage social support (SS) group. The results showed that the MSA group had significantly lower levels of apathy (P<.001) and significantly lower symptoms of depression (P<.001). While both groups improved on quality of life, the MSA group was significantly better (P=.02) than the SS group. Executive function was not significantly different for the two groups at four weeks, but general cognition improved for the MSA group and declined slightly for the SS group which produced a significant posttest difference (P<.001). Recruitment and retention of SS group members was difficult in this project, especially in senior center locations, while this was not the case for the MSA group. The examination of the data at this four-week time point shows promising results that the MSA intervention may provide a much needed method of reducing apathy and depressive symptoms, while motivating participation and increasing quality of life.

scholarly journals Consciousness: here, there and everywhere?

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1668) ◽  
pp. 20140167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giulio Tononi ◽  
Christof Koch
Keyword(s):  
Information Integration ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Physical Systems ◽  
Physical Mechanisms ◽  
Basic Facts ◽  
Principled Account ◽  
Simple Systems

The science of consciousness has made great strides by focusing on the behavioural and neuronal correlates of experience. However, while such correlates are important for progress to occur, they are not enough if we are to understand even basic facts, for example, why the cerebral cortex gives rise to consciousness but the cerebellum does not, though it has even more neurons and appears to be just as complicated. Moreover, correlates are of little help in many instances where we would like to know if consciousness is present: patients with a few remaining islands of functioning cortex, preterm infants, non-mammalian species and machines that are rapidly outperforming people at driving, recognizing faces and objects, and answering difficult questions. To address these issues, we need not only more data but also a theory of consciousness—one that says what experience is and what type of physical systems can have it. Integrated information theory (IIT) does so by starting from experience itself via five phenomenological axioms: intrinsic existence, composition, information, integration and exclusion . From these it derives five postulates about the properties required of physical mechanisms to support consciousness. The theory provides a principled account of both the quantity and the quality of an individual experience (a quale), and a calculus to evaluate whether or not a particular physical system is conscious and of what. Moreover, IIT can explain a range of clinical and laboratory findings, makes a number of testable predictions and extrapolates to a number of problematic conditions. The theory holds that consciousness is a fundamental property possessed by physical systems having specific causal properties. It predicts that consciousness is graded, is common among biological organisms and can occur in some very simple systems. Conversely, it predicts that feed-forward networks, even complex ones, are not conscious, nor are aggregates such as groups of individuals or heaps of sand. Also, in sharp contrast to widespread functionalist beliefs, IIT implies that digital computers, even if their behaviour were to be functionally equivalent to ours, and even if they were to run faithful simulations of the human brain, would experience next to nothing.

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