scholarly journals Seed selection and storage with nano-silver and copper as potential antibacterial agents for the seagrass Zostera marina: implications for habitat restoration

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaochun Xu ◽  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Shuai Xu ◽  
Ruiting Gu ◽  
Shidong Yue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Copper Sulfate ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Habitat Restoration ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
Seed Selection ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Nano Silver ◽  
Seagrass Meadows

AbstractGlobally, seagrass meadows are extremely important marine ecosystems that are disappearing at an alarming rate. Therefore, research into seagrass restoration has become increasingly important. Various strategies have been used in Zostera marina L. (eelgrass) restoration, including planting seeds. To improve the efficiency of restoration by planting seeds, it is necessary to select high-quality seeds. In addition, a suitable antibacterial agent is necessary for wet storage of desiccation sensitive seeds to reduce or inhibit microorganism infection and seed decay. In the present study, an efficient method for selecting for high-quality eelgrass seeds using different specific gravities of salt water was developed, and potential antibacterial agents (nano-silver and copper sulfate) for seed storage were assessed. The results showed that the highest proportion of intact seeds (72.91 ± 0.50%) was recorded at specific gravities greater than 1.20. Therefore, specific gravities greater than 1.20 can be used for selecting high-quality eelgrass seeds. During seed storage at 0 °C, the proportion of intact seeds after storage with nano-silver agent was over 90%, and also higher than 80% with copper sulfate agent, which was significantly higher than control treatments. The findings revealed a potential selection method for high-quality seeds and long-term seed storage conditions for Z. marina, which could facilitate conservation and habitat restoration.

scholarly journals Effects of dual antibacterial agents MDPB and nano-silver in primer on microcosm biofilm, cytotoxicity and dentine bond properties

2013 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 464-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Lei Cheng ◽  
Satoshi Imazato ◽  
Joseph M. Antonucci ◽  
Nancy J. Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Agents ◽  
Bond Properties ◽  
Nano Silver

scholarly journals Variation of carbon contents in eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) sediments implied from depth profiles

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 20180831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodor Kindeberg ◽  
Emilia Röhr ◽  
Per-Olav Moksnes ◽  
Christoffer Boström ◽  
Marianne Holmer
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Sediment Cores ◽  
Depth Profiles ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Organic Carbon Storage ◽  
Eelgrass Beds

Seagrass meadows are able to store significant amounts of organic carbon in their underlying sediment, but global estimates are uncertain partly owing to spatio-temporal heterogeneity between and within areas and species. In order to provide robust estimates, there is a need to better understand the fate of, and mechanisms behind, organic carbon storage. In this observational study, we analyse a suite of biotic and abiotic parameters in sediment cores from 47 different eelgrass ( Zostera marina ) beds spanning the distributional range of the Northern Hemisphere. Depth profiles of particulate organic carbon (POC) revealed three patterns of vertical distribution where POC either increased, decreased or showed no pattern with sediment depth. These categories exhibited distinct profiles of δ 13 C and C:N ratios, where high POC profiles had a proportionally larger storage of eelgrass-derived material whereas low POC profiles were dominated by phytoplanktonic and macroalgal material. However, high POC did not always translate into high carbon density. Nevertheless, this large-scale dataset provides evidence that the variability in organic matter source in response to natural and anthropogenic environmental changes affects the potential role of eelgrass beds as POC sinks, particularly where eelgrass decline is observed.

scholarly journals Radiocarbon isotopic evidence for assimilation of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> by the seagrass <i>Zostera marina</i>

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 6251-6258 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Watanabe ◽  
T. Kuwae
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Source ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Aquatic Vegetation ◽  
Dissolved Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Co2 Exchange ◽  
Atmospheric Co2 ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Seagrass Meadows

Abstract. Submerged aquatic vegetation takes up water-column dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) as a carbon source across its thin cuticle layer. It is expected that marine macrophytes also use atmospheric CO2 when exposed to air during low tide, although assimilation of atmospheric CO2 has never been quantitatively evaluated. Using the radiocarbon isotopic signatures (Δ14C) of the seagrass Zostera marina, DIC and particulate organic carbon (POC), we show quantitatively that Z. marina takes up and assimilates atmospheric modern CO2 in a shallow coastal ecosystem. The Δ14C values of the seagrass (−40 to −10 ‰) were significantly higher than those of aquatic DIC (−46 to −18 ‰), indicating that the seagrass uses a 14C-rich carbon source (atmospheric CO2, +17 ‰). A carbon-source mixing model indicated that the seagrass assimilated 0–40 % (mean, 17 %) of its inorganic carbon as atmospheric CO2. CO2 exchange between the air and the seagrass might be enhanced by the presence of a very thin film of water over the air-exposed leaves during low tide. Our radiocarbon isotope analysis, showing assimilation of atmospheric modern CO2 as an inorganic carbon source, improves our understanding of the role of seagrass meadows in coastal carbon dynamics.

scholarly journals Optimal long-term seed storage conditions for the endangered seagrass Zostera japonica: implications for habitat conservation and restoration

Plant Methods ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shidong Yue ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Yi Zhou ◽  
Shaochun Xu ◽  
Shuai Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seed Storage ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Seed Vigor ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Zostera Japonica ◽  
Storage Method ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Long Term Storage ◽  
Term Storage

Abstract Background Seagrass meadows are recognized as critical and among the most vulnerable habitats on the planet. The alarming rates of decline in seagrass meadows have attracted the attention globally. There is an urgent need to develop techniques to restore and preserve these vital coastal ecosystems. So far little work has been done to develop effective long-term storage method for seagrass seeds. The seagrass Zostera japonica Asch. & Graebn is an endangered species in its native range. Here we utilized combinations of different storage times, salinities, and temperature to determine the most appropriate conditions for optimal seed storage. Results Zostera japonica seeds were strongly desiccation sensitive, with a complete loss of viability after 24 h of desiccation. Therefore, long periods of exposure to air should be avoided to minimize seed mortality. In addition, Z. japonica seeds could not endure freezing conditions such as – 5 °C. However, our results indicated that reduced storage temperature to 0 °C could effectively prolong the duration of dormancy of Z. japonica seeds. Seeds stored at 0 °C under a salinity of 40–60 psu showed relatively low seed loss, high seed vigor and fast seed germination, suggesting these to be optimal seed storage conditions. For example, after storage for 540 days (ca. 600 days since the seed collection from reproductive shoots in early October, 2016) at 0 °C under a salinity of 50 psu, seeds still had a considerable vigor, i.e. 57.8 ± 16.8%. Conclusion Our experiments demonstrated that seeds stored at 0 °C under a salinity of 40–60 psu could effectively prolong the duration of dormancy of Z. japonica seeds. The proposed technique is a simple and effective long-term storage method for Z. japonica seeds, which can then be used to aid future conservation, restoration and management of these sensitive and ecologically important habitat formers. The findings may also serve as useful reference for seed storage of other threatened seagrass species and facilitate their ex situ conservation and habitat restoration.

scholarly journals Assessment of local genetic structure and connectivity of the common eelgrass Zostera marina for seagrass restoration in northern Europe

2021 ◽  
Vol 664 ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
L Martínez-García ◽  
B Hansson ◽  
J Hollander
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Ecosystem Functions ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Seagrass Meadows

Seagrass meadows are one of the most important habitats in coastal regions since they constitute a multifunctional ecosystem providing high productivity and biodiversity. They play a key role in carbon sequestration capacity, mitigation against coastal erosion and as nursery grounds for many marine fish and invertebrates. However, despite these ecosystem functions and services, seagrass meadows are a threatened ecosystem worldwide. In the Baltic Sea, seagrass meadows have declined rapidly, mainly because of eutrophication, anthropogenic activities and climate change. This decline has the potential to erode the genetic variation and genetic structure of the species. In this study, we assessed how genetic variation and genetic differentiation vary among Zostera marina meadows and with a number of environmental characteristics in the county of Scania in southern Sweden. A total of 205 individuals sampled at 12 locations were analysed with 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci. Results showed that in spite of anthropogenic impacts and climate change pressures, locations of Z. marina possessed high genetic variation and weak genetic differentiation, with 3 major genetic clusters. Long-distance dispersal and/or stepping-stone dispersal was found among locations, with higher migration rates within the west coast. Organic matter, salinity and maximum depth appeared to be factors most strongly associated with the genetic structure and morphological variation of Z. marina. These findings contribute significantly in the identification of potential donor sites and the viability of impacted areas to recover from natural recruitment, for the development of effective transplantation measures of Z. marina in the southern Baltic Sea and temperate regions elsewhere.

scholarly journals Short-term fate of seagrass and macroalgal detritus in Arenicola marina bioturbated sediments

2020 ◽  
Vol 639 ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
ACG Thomson ◽  
E Kristensen ◽  
T Valdemarsen ◽  
CO Quintana
Keyword(s):  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Benthic Fauna ◽  
C Sequestration ◽  
Fucus Vesiculosus ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Arenicola Marina ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Seagrass Ecosystems ◽  
The Common ◽  
Discrete Layer

Seagrass meadows are globally important ecosystems for carbon (C) sequestration. However, bioturbation by benthic fauna can alter the distribution, degradation and overall preservation of C in the sediment. We performed a 4 wk laboratory experiment to investigate the short-term degradation and burial of 2 major C sources in bare sediments associated with seagrass ecosystems. Eelgrass Zostera marina and macroalgal (Fucus vesiculosus) detritus were amended in sediment with and without bioturbation by the common polychaete Arenicola marina. Bioturbation did not significantly affect the loss of eelgrass detritus (>0.5 mm), but caused a rapid burial of this material as a discrete layer (55% recovery) at sediment depths ranging from 8 to 14 cm. A. marina effects on macroalgal detritus were more pronounced, resulting, in total, in an 80% loss of macroalgal detritus by microbial degradation and worm ingestion. We conclude that A. marina bioturbation effectively buries eelgrass detritus into deep anoxic sediments, but we cannot confirm that this leads to enhanced C preservation in coastal ecosystems. In contrast, A. marina bioturbation significantly increases the degradation of macroalgal tissue, and it is unlikely that this detritus is a major source for permanent C burial.

scholarly journals How Does Ocean Acidification Affect the Early Life History of Zostera marina? A Series of Experiments Find Parental Carryover Can Benefit Viability or Germination

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alyson Lowell ◽  
Eduardo Infantes ◽  
Laura West ◽  
Lauren Puishys ◽  
Claudia E. L. Hill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Zostera Marina ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Seed Viability ◽  
Early Life History ◽  
Western Coast ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
Germination Success ◽  
Development Outcomes

Elevated partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) as a concomitant of global climate change may facilitate the establishment of future seagrass meadows and subsequently its benefit could be incorporated into techniques to increase restoration success. In five manipulative experiments, we determined how increased CO2 affects the maturation of flowers, and the development of seeds and seedlings for the foundation species Zostera marina. Experiments tested the development from both seeds collected from non-treated flowering shoots (direct) and seeds harvested from flowering shoots after CO2 exposure (parental carryover). Flowering shoots were collected along the western coast of Sweden near the island of Skafto. The seeds produced were used in experiments conducted at Kristineberg, Sweden and Dauphin Island, AL, United States. Experiments varied in temperature (16, 18°C) and salinity (19, 33 ppt), as well as duration and magnitude of elevated CO2 exposure. Environmental conditions among experiments, such as temperature (16, 18°C) and salinity (19, 33 ppt), as well as duration and magnitude of pCO2 exposure differed. Flowering maturation, spathe number, seed production, and indicators of seed quality did not appear to be affected by 39–69 days of exposure to CO2 conditions outside of natural variability (pCO2 = 1547.2 ± 267.60 μatm; pHT = 7.53 ± 0.07). Yet, seeds produced from these flowers showed twofold greater germination success. In another experiment, flowering shoots were exposed to an extreme CO2 condition (pCO2 = 5950.7 ± 1,849.82 μatm; pHT = 6.96 ± 0.15). In this case, flowers generated seeds that demonstrated a fivefold increase in an indicator for seed viability (sinking velocity). In the latter experiment, however, germination appeared unaffected. Direct CO2 effects on germination and seedling production were not observed. Our results provide evidence of a parental CO2 effect that can benefit germination or seed viability, but early benefits may not lead to bed establishment if other environmental conditions are not well suited for seedling development. Outcomes have implications for restoration; CO2 can be supplied to flowering shoot holding tanks to bolster success when the purpose is to redistribute seeds to locations where beds are extant and water quality is adequate.

Principles and methods of standardization in seed quality control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.N. Volkova S.N. ◽  
◽  
E.E. Sivak E.E.
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Seed Storage ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Seed Material ◽  
Improve Production ◽  
Part Time ◽  
High Quality Seed ◽  
Seed Crops ◽  
The Way

Compliance with agronomic regulations in farms that ensure high quality seeds (conducting grade and species weeds on seed crops, compliance with harvesting, part-time, seed storage, etc.) must be constantly monitored in order to improve production on the way to the cultivation of high-quality seed material.

Changes in land use in the last two centuries in the Po lowlands (northern Italy)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matteo Meli ◽  
Luigi Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Salt Marshes ◽  
Coastal Wetlands ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Blue Carbon ◽  
Historical Maps ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Seagrass Meadows

&lt;p&gt;Changes in land use represent, after fossil-fuel combustion, the greatest cause of greenhouse-gases emission into the atmosphere. Coastal wetlands, also referred as coastal blue carbon ecosystems (e.g. salt marshes, mangrove forests, seagrass meadows, swamps), represent one of the most powerful C sinks among the Earth&amp;#8217;s ecosystems, being capable to sequester organic carbon (OC) at rates ca. 30-50 times higher than terrestrial forests. Historically, land reclamation for agriculture, farming and urban expansion, severely impacted coastal wetlands, causing their loss and degradation. Wetlands drainage lead to the oxidation of organic matter previously stored under anaerobic conditions and the release of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; into the atmosphere. Only recently the critical role of blue carbon ecosystems in climate-change mitigation has been recognised, highlighting the importance of protecting and studying these precious environments.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this work, changes in land use in the last two centuries are reconstructed through comparison with historical maps. At the beginning of the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century Napoleon Bonaparte requested the development of high-quality maps of occupied territories. Among these, the so-called &amp;#8216;Carta del Ferrarese&amp;#8217; (CdF), completed between 1812 and 1814, is composed of 38 sheets and represents, to a scale of 1:15.000, 240.000 hectares of the Po lowlands, roughly corresponding to the present-day Ferrara district. The CdF, archived at the Kriegsarchiv in Vienna, is an extraordinary example among historical maps for its high quality and accuracy, which constitute a two-centuries-old reliable paleo-landscape picture.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Within the Historical Land Use Change research project, leaded by the Emilia-Romagna Statistical and GIS Service, the CdF was scanned, accurately georeferenced and orthorectified, showing a surprising generalized match with recent maps. More than 31.000 polygons were digitized in a GIS environment and interpreted on the basis of the European Corine Land Cover codes, properly modified for the land uses at the time.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Comparison with the recent land use analysis, carried out in 2014, highlights changes in land use, mainly related to land reclamation. Salt marshes and swamps, originally extended for 100.000 hectares, were reduced of about 85%, starting from 1861. Major phases of land reclamation occurred in 1870s and 1960s. Geochemical analyses on shallow samples (depth &lt; 50 cm), depict OC content of artificially drained soils &lt; 5% of the total volume. Soil texture testifies to the almost complete mineralization of OC after reclamation. Only recently drained soils show higher OC content, in the range of 10-15%.&lt;/p&gt;

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