Revisiting the physical mutagenesis for sugarcane improvement: a stomatal prospective

Abstract This study was conducted to investigate the influence of gamma rays on stomatal parameters and the interaction of these traits with agronomy of the sugarcane crop. Three genotypes of sugarcane (NIA-0819, NIA-98, and BL4) were exposed to four doses of gamma radiation (10, 20, 30, and 40 Gy) and then subjected to field trials. Stomatal length, width, and density were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, agronomic and sugar-related characteristics of the crop were determined at maturity. The stomatal parameters augmented at two lower doses of gamma radiation (10 and 20 Gy) and declined under higher doses (30 and 40 Gy). The maximum stomatal length was observed in NIA-0819 at 10 Gy (63.71 µm), whereas NIA-98 and BL4 demonstrated highest stomatal length under 20 Gy (54.11 and 57.40 µm, respectively), indicating a role of genetic factors in varietal response. Similar trend was noticed for stomatal width and density as well. The lowermost treatment (10 Gy) of NIA-0819 produced maximum stomatal density (115.31 stomata mm-2 on the abaxial surface). Adaxial stomatal density was significantly lower than the abaxial one. Sugar quality attributes revealed a different tendency. Sucrose contents of BL4 increased gradually from 12.33% at control to 14.54% at 40 Gy. Yield and yield-contributing traits of genotypes indicated a strong positive correlation with the stomatal parameters. The present study suggested that gamma radiations cause variations in stomatal characteristics of sugarcane. These changes further influence the photosynthetic activity and instigate a direct impact on the agronomic performance of the crop.

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Size and Density of Artemisia annua Stomata Soaked in Water Extract of Gloriosa superba Seeds

Biosaintifika Journal of Biology & Biology Education ◽

10.15294/biosaintifika.v9i3.11234 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 423

Author(s):

Sri Indah Rahmawati ◽

Ahmad Yunus ◽

Ari Susilowati

Keyword(s):

Artemisia Annua ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Water Extract ◽

Herbaceous Plant ◽

Gloriosa Superba ◽

Stomatal Size ◽

Water Extracts ◽

Water Solvent ◽

Length Width ◽

Stomatal Length

Artemisia annua is a herbaceous plant that produces artemisinin as a malaria drug, haemorrhoids therapy, aromatherapy, antiviral, anticancer and antibacterial. Gloriosa superba is a plant that contains high colchicine compounds, especially on the seeds. Gloriosa superba extracts of tubers, stems, seeds, and leaves were used as biomutagen for many plants. Colchicine contains of these plants as antimitotic have been studied and proven by the mitotic index plants. Water extracts of Gloriosa superba seeds was used as a mutagen for Artemisia annua. The aim of this study was to determine the size and density of Artemisia annua stomata soaked in water extract of Gloriosa superba seeds as a mutagen. Extraction of Gloriosa superba seeds obtained naturally on Krakal Beach, Gunung Kidul by using a maceration method with water solvent (1:1). Artemisia annua sprouts were obtained from B2P2TOOT Tawangmangu. Variables treatment on sprouts using water extract concentration of Gloriosa superba seeds and soaking time of Artemisia annua sprouts. Measurements of stomatal length, width and density were conducted in epidermis of Artemisia annua leaf. Observation and measurements of the stomata were conducted by using a light microscope. The results showed that the length and width of stomata were 0.025 mm and 0.017 mm respectively. The stomatal density of the control leaf (174.69 amount/mm2) was lower than the other treated plants. Stomatal size and density has increased with the increasing concentration extracts on treated plants. Water extracts of Gloriosa superba seeds proved the effects on stomatal size and density of treated plants.

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Characterization and measurement of gamma radiation shielding of a new tungsten-lignin composite

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/00219983211029364 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002199832110293

Author(s):

Armando Cirilo de Souza ◽

Flavio Aristone ◽

Adriana Fatima Gomes Gouvea ◽

Hedielly Brasil Fernandes ◽

Adailto Miyai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gamma Radiation ◽

Kraft Lignin ◽

Temperature Treatment ◽

Radiation Shielding ◽

X Rays ◽

Clear Indication ◽

Pure Tungsten ◽

Metal Organic ◽

Gamma Radiations ◽

Scanning Electron

This research has been carried on to analyze the capability of a new composite to be effectively used as shielding of gamma radiation. The preparation of a metal-organic composite formed by tungsten and Kraft lignin is presented. Samples have been characterized through X-rays and scanning electron microscopy measurements. The results led to the study of the different phase formations. The microscopic analyzes indicate that two different phases are present in the composite. The absence of oxidation in the process even after the temperature treatment imposed to form the sample has also been noticed. Measurements of the attenuation have been performed to study its ability to absorb gamma radiation. A sample of cobalt 60 (Co-60), for which the peak energies are at 1173 keV and 1332 keV, was used as a source of gamma radiation in the experiment of attenuation. The measured attenuation of gamma radiations when the composite is placed to act as a shield is only 16% smaller than the attenuation obtained for standard pure tungsten. This is a clear indication that the new metal-organic composite is suitable for the fabrication of devices dedicated to shielding radiation, with the advantage of being easier to manipulate.

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Difference between emergent aquatic and terrestrial monocotyledonous herbs in relation to the coordination of leaf stomata with vein traits

AoB Plants ◽

10.1093/aobpla/plaa047 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Wanli Zhao ◽

Peili Fu ◽

Guolan Liu ◽

Ping Zhao

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Aquatic Plants ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Supply And Demand ◽

Terrestrial Plants ◽

Major Vein ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Leaf Veins ◽

Vein Diameter ◽

Stomatal Length

Abstract Emergent aquatic plants mostly occur in shallow waters and root in bottom substrates, but their leaves emerge from the water surface and are thus exposed to air, similar to the leaves of terrestrial plants. Previous studies have found coordination between leaf water supply and demand in terrestrial plants; however, whether such a coordination exists in emergent aquatic plants remains unknown. In this study, we analysed leaf veins and stomatal characteristics of 14 emergent aquatic and 13 terrestrial monocotyledonous herb species (EMH and TMH), with 5 EMH and 8 TMH belonging to Poaceae. We found that EMH had significantly higher mean leaf area, leaf thickness, stomatal density, stomatal number per vein length and major vein diameter, but lower mean major vein length per area (VLA) and total VLA than TMH. There was no significant difference in stomatal length, minor VLA and minor vein diameter between the two groups. Stomatal density and total VLA were positively correlated among the EMH, TMH, as well as the 8 Poaceae TMH species, but this correlation became non-significant when data from both the groups were pooled. Our results showed that the differences in water supply between emergent aquatic and terrestrial plants modify the coordination of their leaf veins and stomatal traits.

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Stomatal Density In Miscanthus Leaves

Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae ◽

10.1515/ahr-2015-0009 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 45-48

Author(s):

Žaneta Pauková ◽

Zuzana Jureková

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Unit Area ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Arable Land ◽

The South ◽

Stomatal Size ◽

Stomatal Length ◽

Non Destructive

Abstract In this study, the number of stomata per unit area was determined in the perennial energy grass of two genotypes Miscanthus × giganteus (Greef et Deuter) and M. sinensis ‘Tatai’ on arable land in the South-western Slovakia. The dynamics of stomatal density per mm2 was determined by non-destructive method in three randomly selected clumps. The number of stomata per mm2 of area varied from 125 ±23 to 327 ±47, stomatal length ranged from 33.9 ±4.7 μm to 35.3 ±3.4 μm, and stomatal width ranged from 17.5 ±2.3 μm to 18.8 ±2.8 μm in the two genotypes. We confirmed ontogenetic heterogeneity of leaf area size and stomatal size parameters.

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Weak co-ordination between vein and stomatal densities in 105 angiosperm tree species along altitudinal gradients in Southwest China

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp16012 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 43 (12) ◽

pp. 1126 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Wan-Li Zhao ◽

Ya-Jun Chen ◽

Timothy J. Brodribb ◽

Kun-Fang Cao

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

Tree Species ◽

Altitudinal Gradient ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Montane Forests ◽

Vein Density ◽

Tropical Montane Forests ◽

Leaf Level ◽

Angiosperm Species ◽

Stomatal Length

Leaf-level water balance, as revealed by a correlation between stomatal density (SD) and vein density (VD), has been reported in some plants. However, the generality of this correlation and how it may be affected by altitude changes are unclear. Here, we investigated whether this balance is maintained across tree species of diverse families along a large altitudinal gradient. We measured leaf area (LA), SD, stomata length (SL), and VD in 105 angiosperm species across two altitudinal ranges, 800–1400 m above sea level (a.s.l.) in tropical montane forests (TMF) and 2000–2600 m a.s.l. in subtropical montane forests (SMF) in Yunnan, South-west China. The average SD was independent of altitude in both regions. Similarly, the average VD within either SMF or TMF was also not significantly different. However, overall, TMF had significantly larger VD and LA but smaller SL than SMF. Vein density was positively correlated with SD across SMF species, with a weaker correlation for TMF species and all species combined. Stomatal length was negatively correlated with SD and VD across all species. Our results extend the leaf water balance theory to diverse angiosperm tree species, and indicate decoupled adaptation of SD and VD in these species along a large altitudinal gradient.

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Candidate herbicides to control itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltata) in sugarcane fields

The Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico ◽

10.46429/jaupr.v74i2.6547 ◽

1969 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 145-152

Author(s):

Antonio Vélez-Ramos ◽

Nelson Semidey ◽

Nilsa M. Acín-Díaz

Keyword(s):

Research And Development ◽

Field Trials ◽

Single Application ◽

Short Term ◽

Pyridinecarboxylic Acid ◽

Sugarcane Crop ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Development Center ◽

San German

Field trials in 1986-87 were conducted in the humid sugarcane growing area of San Germán and under irrigation at the Lajas Research and Development Center to evaluate several candidate herbicides for controlling itchgrass (Rottboellia exaltata L.f.) in sugarcane fields. Terbutryn [2—(Tert— butylamino)—4— (ethylamino)—6— (methylthio— S—triazine] at 2.68, 5.35 and 10.70 kg/ha as a direct post emergence application over itchgrass 15 to 20 cm tall provided excellent grass control with no injury to the crop. Asulam [methyl (4 amino phenyl) (sulfanyl)] carbamate at 2,09 kg/ha showed a slow short-term action. With Terbutryn at 10.7 kg/ha and the hand-weeded check plots significantly higher cane and sugar yields were obtained, Pendimethalin [N—(ethylpropyl)—3,4—dimethyl—2,6—dinitroben— zenamine] at 3.56 kg/ha as a preemergence soil-in corpora ted application to a primavera sugarcane crop was effective in controlling itchgrass. A single application of this product at 1.78 kg/ha was markedly less effective. Imazapyr (2-[4,5 dihydro—4—methyl—4—(l-methylethyl)—5—0x0—lH—imidazolzyl]— 3—pyridinecarboxylic acid) with 2—propanamine (1:1) salt at 0.125 and 0.25 kg/ha controlled of itchgrass excellently. Combinations of pendimethalin and imazapyr were effective in controlling grass weeds. The best cane tonnage and sugar yields were obtained from the hand-weeded plots and from combinations of pendimethalin and imazapyr. With pendimethalin at 0.89 and 1.78 kg/ha and asulam at 2.98 kg/ha there was very little effect from the herbicide treatments on increasing yield.

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QTL analysis for stomatal density and size in wheat spike organ

Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture ◽

10.9755/ejfa.2018.v30.i3.1636 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 173

Author(s):

ShuguangWang, Fanfan Dong ◽

Daizhen Sun, Yaoyu Chen ◽

Xue Yan, Ruilian Jing

Keyword(s):

Opposite Direction ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Additive Effect ◽

Doubled Haploid Population ◽

Wheat Leaf ◽

Chromosome 5A ◽

Haploid Population ◽

Stomatal Length ◽

Dh Lines ◽

Wheat Spike

Plant changes its own photosynthetic rate and transpiration rate through regulating stomatal aperture, stomatal density and stomatal distribution. In this study, stomatal density, length and width of wheat spike organs, including palea, lemma and glume, at the third day after flowering were investigated, using a wheat doubled haploid population from a cross of Hanxuan10 and Lumai 14 in 2012 and 2013. And quantitative trait loci (QTL) of the above three traits were analyzed. There were stomata in the abaxial surface of palea, lemma and glume, but not in the adaxial surface for DH lines and their parents. A total of fourteen additive QTLs for those traits were identified. On the marker interval Xgwm291-Xgwm410-WMC340 on chromosome 5A, QMLsd-5A for stomatal density at middle of lemma and QDGsd-5A for stomatal density at down of glume, and QAGsl-5A for stomatal length at apex of glume were detected in 2012 and 2013，but with opposite direction of additive effect. In the previous study, Qsd-5A.3 and Qsd-5A.4 for stomatal density of wheat leaf, and Qsl-5A.1 for stomatal length of wheat leaf were also detected at the same marker region, and also with opposite direction of additive effect. These findings provided genetic basis for significantly negative correlation between stomatal density and length for wheat leaf and spike organs, but also implied stomatal density and length for wheat leaf and spike organs may be governed by the same or pleiotropic genes.

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Assessment of the Value of Stomatal Size and Density as Hallmarks of Nonaploid Kiwifruit Plants

Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae ◽

10.5586/asbp.909 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 90 ◽

Author(s):

Iwona Chłosta ◽

Grzegorz Góralski ◽

Marzena Popielarska-Konieczna

Keyword(s):

Genome Size ◽

Morphological Characteristics ◽

Diagnostic Feature ◽

Actinidia Chinensis ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Stomatal Size ◽

Length Width ◽

Stomatal Length ◽

Distinguishing Features

Abstract In vitro-derived plants with elevated ploidy levels can display distinguishing features from the plants they are derived from, especially owing to their indirect regeneration. Genome size affects cell size and, thus, affects plant morphological characteristics. Therefore, stomata traits may be used as a diagnostic feature allowing identification of ploidy. Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa A. Chev. (A. Chev.), known as kiwifruit, is successfully cultured in vitro and redifferentiated into plants via endosperm-derived calli. To identify differences between hexaploids obtained from seeds and confirmed nonaploids obtained from endosperm-derived calli, we analyzed the stomata. Our results confirmed that ploidy coincides with mean stomatal length, width, and density. Despite this correlation, this method cannot be used to distinguish individual hexaploid kiwifruit plants from nonaploid ones because samples with different ploidy yielded overlapping measurements.

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Inter and intra-population variation of leaf stomatal traits of Quercus robur L. in Northern Serbia

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs1004125b ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 62 (4) ◽

pp. 1125-1136 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

B. Batos ◽

D. Vilotic ◽

S. Orlovic ◽

D. Miljkovic

Keyword(s):

Quercus Robur ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Population Variation ◽

The Other ◽

Phenotypic Variance ◽

Pore Surface ◽

Tree Crown ◽

Shape Coefficient ◽

Stomatal Traits ◽

Stomatal Length

The research involved the examination of inter- and intra-population variation of stomatal traits: stomatal density, stomatal length and width, stomatal pore surface, potential conductance index and stomatal shape coefficient, in Quercus robur L. leaves. The research was conducted in northern Serbia and included five populations (?Ada Ciganlija?, ?Bojcinska suma?, ?Subotica?, ?Sombor? and ?Vrsac?). The stomatal characteristics were examined in fully expanded leaves, from two leaf positions - the sun-exposed and shaded side of the tree. The leaf position in the tree crown, forming a part of the phenotypic variance, was relevant for the stomatal dimension traits. Within populations, the differences between the genotypes (i.e. trees), were relevant for all analyzed traits. On the basis of the analysis of the inter-populational differences, the ?Bojcinska suma? population had a statistically significantly lower stomatal density in comparison to the other populations.

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Effects of elevated CO2 and water stress on the adaptation of stomata and gas exchange in leaves of eggplants (Solanum melongena L.)

Bangladesh Journal of Botany ◽

10.3329/bjb.v40i1.7985 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 40 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Bikash C Sarker ◽

Michihiro Hara

Keyword(s):

Water Stress ◽

Gas Exchange ◽

Elevated Co2 ◽

Stomatal Density ◽

Solanum Melongena ◽

Stress Adaptation ◽

Leaf Photosynthesis ◽

Stomatal Morphology ◽

Stomatal Length ◽

Ambient Co2

Effects and possible interaction of elevated CO2 and water stress on the stomatal morphology and the pattern of gas exchange in leaves of eggplants (Solanum melongena L. cv. Senryo No. 2) were investigated. Sedlings were grown to maturity in controlled growth chamber using ambient CO2 (365~370 ppm) and elevated CO2 (700 ppm) and at frequent watering as control and watering after every 21 days for simulating periodic water stress and recovery from stress. A complementary acclimatisation of photosynthesis in water stressed eggplants grown under elevated CO2 was evident. Despite decreased stomatal conductance and transpiration rate under elevated CO2 conditions, increased net leaf photosynthesis rate was observed. Stomatal length and width decreased under water stress and increased CO2.Key words: Water stress; Adaptation; Eggplant; Gas exchange; Stomatal density; Transpiration rateDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v40i1.7985 Bangladesh J. Bot. 40(1): 1-8, 2011 (June)

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