scholarly journals A randomized cross-over trial investigating differences in 24-h personal air and skin temperatures using wearable sensors between two climatologically contrasting settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andria Constantinou ◽  
Stavros Oikonomou ◽  
Corina Konstantinou ◽  
Konstantinos C. Makris
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Skin Temperatures

AbstractThe influence of elevated air temperatures recorded in various urban microenvironments in adversely impacting biologically relevant disease end points has not yet been extensively tackled. This study is a post hoc analysis of the TEMP pilot trial, a randomized 2 × 2 cross-over trial that examined changes in metabolic and stress hormonal profiles of healthy adults in two settings (urban vs. rural) with distinctly different climatological characteristics during the Mediterranean summer. This analysis aimed to study the association between the 24-h personal air or skin temperature sensor measurements and the diary-based location type (indoors vs. outdoors) in urban (seaside) vs. rural (higher in altitude) microenvironments. Out of 41 eligible participants, a total of 37 participants were included in this post-hoc TEMP trial analysis. Wearable sensors recorded personal air temperature, skin temperature, and activity (as a surrogate marker of physical activity) in each setting, while a time-stamped personal diary recorded the types of indoor or outdoor activities. Temperature peaks during the 24-h sampling period were detected using a peak finding algorithm. Mixed effect logistic regression models were fitted for the odds of participant location (being indoors vs. outdoors) as a function of setting (urban vs. rural) and sensor-based personal temperature data (either raw temperature values or number of temperature peaks). During the study period (July–end of September), median [interquartile range, IQR] personal air temperature in the rural (higher altitude) settings was 1.5 °C lower than that in the urban settings (27.1 °C [25.4, 29.2] vs. 28.6 °C [27.1, 30.5], p < 0.001), being consistent with the Mediterranean climate. Median [IQR] personal air temperature in indoor (micro)environments was lower than those in outdoors (28.0 °C [26.4, 30.3] vs 28.5 °C [26.8, 30.7], p < 0.001). However, median [IQR] skin temperature was higher in indoor (micro)environments vs. outdoors (34.8 °C [34.0, 35.6] and 33.9 °C [32.9, 34.8], p < 0.001) and the number of both personal air and skin temperature peaks was higher indoors compared to outdoors (median [IQR] 3.0 [2.0,4.0] vs 1.0 [1.0,1.3], p < 0.007, for the skin sensors). A significant association between the number of temperature peaks and indoor location types was observed with either the personal air sensor (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.2–8.2; p = 0.02) or the skin sensor (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.4–9.9; p = 0.01), suggesting higher number of indoor air temperature fluctuations. Amidst the global climate crisis, more population health studies or personalized medicine approaches that utilize continuous tracking of individual-level air/skin temperatures in both indoor/outdoor locations would be warranted, if we were to better characterize the disease phenotype in response to climate change manifestations.

Responses of Zebu, Jersey, and Zebu X Jersey crossbred heifers to rising temperature, with particular reference to sweating

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
TE Allen
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Zebu, Jersey, and Zebu x Jersey crossbred heifers were subjected to a rising temperature regime over the range 65 to 105°F. Sweating rates, respiration rates, skin temperatures, and rectal temperatures were measured. All breeds showed similar responses in skin temperature and rectal temperature to increase in air temperature. The increase in skin temperature was approximately linear with rise in air temperature. Rectal temperature did not commence to rise until an air temperature of 90°F and a skin temperature of 98° was reached. Breed differences in sweating and respiratory rates with increase in air and skin temperature were observed. The Jersey heifers showed an early and almost linear increase in sweating rate with rise in air and skin temperature, whereas the sweating rate of the Zebu heifers did not increase until air temperature had risen to at least 85°F and skin temperature to 95°. Two crossbreds began to increase their sweating rates at temperatures intermediate between those recorded for Zebus arid Jerseys. The remaining two behaved similarly to Jerseys. All three breeds showed similar maximum sweating rates in response to this rising temperature regime. The respiratory rate of' the Jerseys was higher than that of the Zebus at all temperatures, and particularly at high temperatures. Crossbreds respired at rates comparable to the Jerseys until an air temperature of 90°F and a skin temperature of 97°F were exceeded, when their respiration rates became intermediate between the other two breeds. The significance of these differences is discussed.

Prediction of skin temperature of men in the cold

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Iampietro
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rapid Estimation ◽  
Wind Velocities ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Skin temperatures of seminude men were measured during 2-hr exposures to various combinations of air temperature (90–25 F) and wind velocities (< 1, 5, 10 mph). The data were used to derive an expression for the estimation of mean weighted skin temperature as a function of duration of exposure (up to 180 min), air temperature (90 to -20 F), and windspeed (0–40 mph). A chart was also constructed for more rapid estimation of skin temperature. Submitted on August 17, 1960

scholarly journals On Methods of measuring Skin Temperature

1934 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bedford ◽  
C. G. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Resistance Thermometer ◽  
Rapid Variation ◽  
Exposed Skin ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Skin Temperatures

For the measurement of the temperature of exposed skin surfaces, we have reached the conclusion that the most accurate instrument is a radiation thermopile suitably screened from the effects of wind. As the thermopile does not actually touch the skin it does not interfere with the cutaneous circulation; neither does it hinder the heat-loss from the skin surface. Readings are simply and rapidly made; with the Moll thermopile and the Cambridge unipivot galvanometer used by us a reading can be taken in 4–6 sec. The readings are not influenced by wind if the thermopile is screened, and as the temperatures are measured as differences from that of a blackened surface of known temperature, change of air temperature does not upset the results. The apparatus is easily portable.By rolling a mercury thermometer over a small area of skin the temperature can be estimated with but very slight error. This method is a reliable one for use where other apparatus is not available; but, it has the disadvantage that each observation takes from 1 to 1½ min. Accurate estimates cannot be obtained by this method in the special cases when the skin temperature is subject to rapid variation.Under steady conditions accurate estimates can also be made by means of a clinical thermometer protected by a cork wedge, but each observation takes from 4 to 5 min.Of the types of thermo-junction tested by us the simple Lewis type of junction attached and protected by a strip of surgical tape appears to give the most accurate results. The average error, taking the thermopile values as standard, was only 0·5–0·8° C, and the thermo-junction temperatures were consistently higher than the thermopile values by about this amount.The Benedict type of junction also gives results which compare reasonably well with those obtained from radiation measurements. In our observations the average error with this type of junction was 0·7–1·3° C, and the error usually had the effect of giving too high a value for the thermo-j unction temperature. Other observers, however, have measured temperatures with this type of junction which appear to be somewhat low, and it appears possible that the temperature of the observer's hand may have influenced the readings obtained.Forms of apparatus in which the thermo-junction and its leads are exposed to the effects of the air are liable to give very erroneous estimates of skin temperature. In our own comparisons the skin temperature was underestimated by 3–3·5° C. when the Strauss thermo-junction was used; and examples have been drawn from the literature which suggest that, with other apparatus in which the junction was exposed, the temperature was underestimated. If such forms of apparatus are used for measuring skin temperatures beneath the clothing, they may yield fairly reliable results, but in exposed positions considerable errors may arise. This liability to error is particularly serious where there is a wide range of air temperature and of air movement.Skin temperatures can be measured with considerable accuracy by means of an electrical resistance thermometer.

scholarly journals Skin Temperature in Relation to the Warmth of the Environment

1935 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
Palm Of The Hand ◽  
Mean Square Errors ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Skin Temperatures

The skin temperatures of industrial workers, mainly women and girls, engaged in very light occupations, have been correlated with environmental conditions. The temperatures of the forehead and of the palm of the hand were measured with a Moll radiation thermopile, and for the temperature of the foot a thermo-junction was used. Altogether 3085 sets of observations were made.Various measures of environmental warmth (dry-bulb air temperature, equivalent temperature, effective temperature, and dry kata cooling power) were correlated with skin temperature. The dry-bulb air temperature is about as good an index of skin temperature as any of the other measures used, while it appears that skin temperature may be slightly less closely associated with dry kata cooling power than with the other measures of warmth conditions.At an average air temperature of 18° C., the average skin temperatures observed were: on the forehead 34·25° C.; on the palm of the hand 29·2° C.; and on the foot 24·4° C. The average increases in skin temperature for a rise of 1° in air temperature were: on the forehead 0·139°; on the hand 0·465°; and on the foot 0·806° C.There was much variation in the skin temperatures recorded at any particular air temperature. The root-mean-square errors of estimation of skin temperature from air temperature were 0·81, 2·51, and 2·80° C., for the forehead, hands and feet respectively.Correlations between the temperatures of different areas of skin were rather lower than those between air and skin temperature.

Sweating in cattle. II. Cutaneous evaporative loss measured from limited areas and its relationship with skin, rectal, and air temperatures

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Taneja
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Evaporative Loss ◽  
Cutaneous Evaporation ◽  
The University ◽  
Skin Temperatures

1. Three female calves (Shorthorn, Zebux Australian Illawara Shorthorn, and American Brahman) of about 7–8 months old were exposed to different combinations of wet- and dry-bulb temperatures in the psychrometric chamber at the Physiology Department of the University of Queensland.2. A capsule method has been developed for measurement of cutaneous evaporation from limited areas. This method has been described in detail.3. Cutaneous evaporation from the shoulder area of the Zebu cross was significantly higher than that of the Shorthorn. There was, however, no difference between the two animals in their cutaneous evaporation from the belly area.4. In the Zebu cross the cutaneous water losses from the shoulder area, on the average, increased linearly with increase in skin temperature. In the Shorthorn, there was no important increase in the cutaneous evaporation from the shoulder area, although the skin temperature increased by about 2–3/ F.5. The Zebu cross had lower skin temperatures of the shoulder area when compared with that of the Shorthorn. These lower skin temperatures were associated with higher cutaneous evaporation.6. Increase in rectal temperature was not accompanied by increase in cutaneous evaporation in all the three animals studied.7. In all the three calves the cutaneous evaporation increased with increase in air temperature.

Body temperatures in some Australian mammals. V. Aboriginals

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1278-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Minimal Cover ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Australian Aboriginal ◽  
Exposed Skin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Skin temperatures were measured on nine body areas with a portable radiometer at the beginning and at the end of a night of sleep in early summer. The subjects, young Australian aboriginal men and women from Haast's Bluff, slept in their normal circumstances outside on the ground with little protection. With some cover or on warmer, cloudy nights (average air temperature of 26.5 C), there were no losses in temperature beyond the expected nocturnal decline. With minimal cover on clear, cool nights when temperatures ranged down to 19 C for air and ground and to 4 C for sky, substantial losses were found for the 6-hr period: 33.2–30.4 C for the forehead; 27.7– 20.8 for the feet; 30.5–27.2 for the mean of the exposed skin; and 37.0–35.1 for the mouth. The maintenance of sleep at this level of cooling (minimum foot value = 17.6 C) represents a valuable adaptation in these people. Tropical aboriginals from Mornington and Bentinck Islands did not exhibit this tolerance, and insisted on cover even on warm nights (air temperature of 27 C) which did not depress skin temperature. cold; skin temperature; adaptation Submitted on December 21, 1964

scholarly journals Roosting ecology of the southernmost bats, Myotis chiloensis and Histiotus magellanicus, in southern Tierra del Fuego, Chile

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Ossa ◽  
Thomas M. Lilley ◽  
Austin G. Waag ◽  
Melissa B. Meierhofer ◽  
Joseph S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Roosting Ecology ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Skin Temperatures

ABSTRACTThere are few studies of day-roosting ecology of bats inhabiting the southernmost forests of South America, where cool summer temperatures and land management practices pose several challenges. The goal of the present study was to describe day-roosting habitats and patterns of thermoregulation in two bat species occurring on Tierra del Fuego, Myotis chiloensis (Chilean myotis) and Histiotus magellanicus (southern big-eared brown bat), during late spring. To do so, we tagged 17 bats with temperature-sensitive radio-transmitters, located 17 day-roosts, and collected 81 days of skin temperature data. We concurrently recorded ambient air temperature to determine its effect on torpor use. Both species were found roosting in large diameter (77.8 ± 6 cm), typically live, Nothofagus pumilio trees (lenga) located on the edges of forest gaps or within stands primarily composed of smaller, younger trees. Bats of both species frequently used torpor, with skin temperatures dropping below a torpor threshold on 89% of days (n = 72) and daily minimum skin temperatures averaging 16.5 °C over the course of our study. Average daily air temperature was a significant predictor of torpor use, with lower skin temperatures and more time spent in torpor observed on colder days. Minimum skin temperature and time spent torpid did not vary between bat species, nor did the characteristics of day-roosts. These data show that spring temperatures in Tierra del Fuego pose an energetic challenge that bats meet through frequent use of torpor, and likely, habitat selection. We recommend local conservation efforts keep these thermal challenges in mind by retaining large trees, which may provide warmer microclimates or room for social groups.

Thermoregulatory responses during competitive marathon running

1977 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 909-914 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. B. Maron ◽  
J. A. Wagner ◽  
S. M. Horvath
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Marathon Running ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Marked Disparity ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Cool Conditions

To assess thermoregulatory responses occuring under actual marathon racing conditions, rectal (Tre) and five skin temperatures were measured in two runners approximately every 9 min of a competitive marathon run under cool conditions. Race times and total water losses were: runner 1 = 162.7 min, 3.02 kg; runner 2 = 164.6 min, 2.43 kg. Mean skin temperature was similar throughout the race in the two runners, although they exhibited a marked disparity in temperature at individual skin sites. Tre plateaued after 35--45 min (runner 1 = 40.0--40.1, runner 2 = 38.9--39.2 degrees C). While runner 2 maintained a relatively constant level for the remainder of the race, runner 1 exhibited a secondary increase in Tre. Between 113 and 119 min there was a precipitous rise in Tre from 40.9 to 41.9 degrees C. Partitional calorimetric calculations suggested that a decrease in sweating was responsible for this increment. However, runner 1's ability to maintain his high Tre and running pace for the remaining 44 min of the race and exhibit no signs of heat illness indicated thermoregulation was intact.

Comparative Efficacy of Physiological Responses and Skin Temperatures in Indigenous and Crossbred Cattle Supplemented with Chlorophytum borivilianum in Summer Season

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Devi ◽  
Mahendra Singh ◽  
Yallappa M. Somagond ◽  
A.K. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Physiological Responses ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Comparative Efficacy ◽  
Production Potential ◽  
Chlorophytum Borivilianum ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Background: Heat stress causes oxidative stress and declines milk production potential of cows. The physiological responses and skin temperature of heat stressed animals are good indices for deterring the heat stress. The efficacy of medicinal herb Chlorophytum borivilianum (CB) was tested in lowering the rise in values of physiological responses and skin temperature in crossbred vis a vis Indigenous cows. Methods: Eighteen Tharparkar (TP) and Crossbred KF cows in mid-lactation were given; No supplement (control), a low (T1, n=6) and a high dose (T2, n=6) of CB @ 40 and 80 mg/kg BW/day, respectively for 90 days during hot-humid season. Respiration rate (RR), pulse rate (PR), rectal temperature (RT) and skin temperature (ST) was recorded at the site of forehead, neck, rear body, and udder surface in the morning and afternoon at weekly intervals. Temperature-humidity index (THI) was calculated to assess the degree of thermal stress in animals. Result: Physiological responses and skin temperatures were higher (p less than 0.01) in the afternoon than morning intervals in TP and KF cows. CB feeding significantly lowered physiological responses and ST (p less than 0.01) in high dose as compared to low dose. It was concluded that CB feeding @ 80 mg/kg BW/day effectively alleviates the heat stress. Indigenous cows were found more heat tolerant in comparison to crossbred cows.

Quantifying Occupational Stress in Intensive Care Unit Nurses: An Applied Naturalistic Study of Correlations Among Stress, Heart Rate, Electrodermal Activity, and Skin Temperature

2021 ◽  
pp. 001872082110408
Author(s):  
Nima Ahmadi ◽  
Farzan Sasangohar ◽  
Tariq Nisar ◽  
Valerie Danesh ◽  
Ethan Larsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Electrodermal Activity ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Prior Literature ◽  
High Level ◽  
Intensive Care Unit Nurses ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Objective To identify physiological correlates to stress in intensive care unit nurses. Background Most research on stress correlates are done in laboratory environments; naturalistic investigation of stress remains a general gap. Method Electrodermal activity, heart rate, and skin temperatures were recorded continuously for 12-hr nursing shifts (23 participants) using a wrist-worn wearable technology (Empatica E4). Results Positive correlations included stress and heart rate (ρ = .35, p < .001), stress and skin temperature (ρ = .49, p < .05), and heart rate and skin temperatures (ρ = .54, p = .0008). Discussion The presence and direction of some correlations found in this study differ from those anticipated from prior literature, illustrating the importance of complementing laboratory research with naturalistic studies. Further work is warranted to recognize nursing activities associated with a high level of stress and the underlying reasons associated with changes in physiological responses. Application Heart rate and skin temperature may be used for real-time detection of stress, but more work is needed to validate such surrogate measures.

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