scholarly journals Roosting ecology of the southernmost bats, Myotis chiloensis and Histiotus magellanicus, in southern Tierra del Fuego, Chile

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Ossa ◽  
Thomas M. Lilley ◽  
Austin G. Waag ◽  
Melissa B. Meierhofer ◽  
Joseph S. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Large Diameter ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Roosting Ecology ◽  
Large Trees ◽  
Skin Temperatures

ABSTRACTThere are few studies of day-roosting ecology of bats inhabiting the southernmost forests of South America, where cool summer temperatures and land management practices pose several challenges. The goal of the present study was to describe day-roosting habitats and patterns of thermoregulation in two bat species occurring on Tierra del Fuego, Myotis chiloensis (Chilean myotis) and Histiotus magellanicus (southern big-eared brown bat), during late spring. To do so, we tagged 17 bats with temperature-sensitive radio-transmitters, located 17 day-roosts, and collected 81 days of skin temperature data. We concurrently recorded ambient air temperature to determine its effect on torpor use. Both species were found roosting in large diameter (77.8 ± 6 cm), typically live, Nothofagus pumilio trees (lenga) located on the edges of forest gaps or within stands primarily composed of smaller, younger trees. Bats of both species frequently used torpor, with skin temperatures dropping below a torpor threshold on 89% of days (n = 72) and daily minimum skin temperatures averaging 16.5 °C over the course of our study. Average daily air temperature was a significant predictor of torpor use, with lower skin temperatures and more time spent in torpor observed on colder days. Minimum skin temperature and time spent torpid did not vary between bat species, nor did the characteristics of day-roosts. These data show that spring temperatures in Tierra del Fuego pose an energetic challenge that bats meet through frequent use of torpor, and likely, habitat selection. We recommend local conservation efforts keep these thermal challenges in mind by retaining large trees, which may provide warmer microclimates or room for social groups.

Responses of Zebu, Jersey, and Zebu X Jersey crossbred heifers to rising temperature, with particular reference to sweating

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 165 ◽  
Author(s):  
TE Allen
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Temperature Regime ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sweating Rate ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Zebu, Jersey, and Zebu x Jersey crossbred heifers were subjected to a rising temperature regime over the range 65 to 105°F. Sweating rates, respiration rates, skin temperatures, and rectal temperatures were measured. All breeds showed similar responses in skin temperature and rectal temperature to increase in air temperature. The increase in skin temperature was approximately linear with rise in air temperature. Rectal temperature did not commence to rise until an air temperature of 90°F and a skin temperature of 98° was reached. Breed differences in sweating and respiratory rates with increase in air and skin temperature were observed. The Jersey heifers showed an early and almost linear increase in sweating rate with rise in air and skin temperature, whereas the sweating rate of the Zebu heifers did not increase until air temperature had risen to at least 85°F and skin temperature to 95°. Two crossbreds began to increase their sweating rates at temperatures intermediate between those recorded for Zebus arid Jerseys. The remaining two behaved similarly to Jerseys. All three breeds showed similar maximum sweating rates in response to this rising temperature regime. The respiratory rate of' the Jerseys was higher than that of the Zebus at all temperatures, and particularly at high temperatures. Crossbreds respired at rates comparable to the Jerseys until an air temperature of 90°F and a skin temperature of 97°F were exceeded, when their respiration rates became intermediate between the other two breeds. The significance of these differences is discussed.

Prediction of skin temperature of men in the cold

1961 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 405-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. F. Iampietro
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rapid Estimation ◽  
Wind Velocities ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Skin temperatures of seminude men were measured during 2-hr exposures to various combinations of air temperature (90–25 F) and wind velocities (< 1, 5, 10 mph). The data were used to derive an expression for the estimation of mean weighted skin temperature as a function of duration of exposure (up to 180 min), air temperature (90 to -20 F), and windspeed (0–40 mph). A chart was also constructed for more rapid estimation of skin temperature. Submitted on August 17, 1960

scholarly journals On Methods of measuring Skin Temperature

1934 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bedford ◽  
C. G. Warner
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Resistance Thermometer ◽  
Rapid Variation ◽  
Exposed Skin ◽  
Special Cases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Skin Temperatures

For the measurement of the temperature of exposed skin surfaces, we have reached the conclusion that the most accurate instrument is a radiation thermopile suitably screened from the effects of wind. As the thermopile does not actually touch the skin it does not interfere with the cutaneous circulation; neither does it hinder the heat-loss from the skin surface. Readings are simply and rapidly made; with the Moll thermopile and the Cambridge unipivot galvanometer used by us a reading can be taken in 4–6 sec. The readings are not influenced by wind if the thermopile is screened, and as the temperatures are measured as differences from that of a blackened surface of known temperature, change of air temperature does not upset the results. The apparatus is easily portable.By rolling a mercury thermometer over a small area of skin the temperature can be estimated with but very slight error. This method is a reliable one for use where other apparatus is not available; but, it has the disadvantage that each observation takes from 1 to 1½ min. Accurate estimates cannot be obtained by this method in the special cases when the skin temperature is subject to rapid variation.Under steady conditions accurate estimates can also be made by means of a clinical thermometer protected by a cork wedge, but each observation takes from 4 to 5 min.Of the types of thermo-junction tested by us the simple Lewis type of junction attached and protected by a strip of surgical tape appears to give the most accurate results. The average error, taking the thermopile values as standard, was only 0·5–0·8° C, and the thermo-junction temperatures were consistently higher than the thermopile values by about this amount.The Benedict type of junction also gives results which compare reasonably well with those obtained from radiation measurements. In our observations the average error with this type of junction was 0·7–1·3° C, and the error usually had the effect of giving too high a value for the thermo-j unction temperature. Other observers, however, have measured temperatures with this type of junction which appear to be somewhat low, and it appears possible that the temperature of the observer's hand may have influenced the readings obtained.Forms of apparatus in which the thermo-junction and its leads are exposed to the effects of the air are liable to give very erroneous estimates of skin temperature. In our own comparisons the skin temperature was underestimated by 3–3·5° C. when the Strauss thermo-junction was used; and examples have been drawn from the literature which suggest that, with other apparatus in which the junction was exposed, the temperature was underestimated. If such forms of apparatus are used for measuring skin temperatures beneath the clothing, they may yield fairly reliable results, but in exposed positions considerable errors may arise. This liability to error is particularly serious where there is a wide range of air temperature and of air movement.Skin temperatures can be measured with considerable accuracy by means of an electrical resistance thermometer.

scholarly journals Skin Temperature in Relation to the Warmth of the Environment

1935 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 307-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Bedford
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooling Power ◽  
Industrial Workers ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
Palm Of The Hand ◽  
Mean Square Errors ◽  
Average Skin ◽  
Skin Temperatures

The skin temperatures of industrial workers, mainly women and girls, engaged in very light occupations, have been correlated with environmental conditions. The temperatures of the forehead and of the palm of the hand were measured with a Moll radiation thermopile, and for the temperature of the foot a thermo-junction was used. Altogether 3085 sets of observations were made.Various measures of environmental warmth (dry-bulb air temperature, equivalent temperature, effective temperature, and dry kata cooling power) were correlated with skin temperature. The dry-bulb air temperature is about as good an index of skin temperature as any of the other measures used, while it appears that skin temperature may be slightly less closely associated with dry kata cooling power than with the other measures of warmth conditions.At an average air temperature of 18° C., the average skin temperatures observed were: on the forehead 34·25° C.; on the palm of the hand 29·2° C.; and on the foot 24·4° C. The average increases in skin temperature for a rise of 1° in air temperature were: on the forehead 0·139°; on the hand 0·465°; and on the foot 0·806° C.There was much variation in the skin temperatures recorded at any particular air temperature. The root-mean-square errors of estimation of skin temperature from air temperature were 0·81, 2·51, and 2·80° C., for the forehead, hands and feet respectively.Correlations between the temperatures of different areas of skin were rather lower than those between air and skin temperature.

scholarly journals A randomized cross-over trial investigating differences in 24-h personal air and skin temperatures using wearable sensors between two climatologically contrasting settings

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andria Constantinou ◽  
Stavros Oikonomou ◽  
Corina Konstantinou ◽  
Konstantinos C. Makris
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Pilot Trial ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Skin Temperatures

AbstractThe influence of elevated air temperatures recorded in various urban microenvironments in adversely impacting biologically relevant disease end points has not yet been extensively tackled. This study is a post hoc analysis of the TEMP pilot trial, a randomized 2 × 2 cross-over trial that examined changes in metabolic and stress hormonal profiles of healthy adults in two settings (urban vs. rural) with distinctly different climatological characteristics during the Mediterranean summer. This analysis aimed to study the association between the 24-h personal air or skin temperature sensor measurements and the diary-based location type (indoors vs. outdoors) in urban (seaside) vs. rural (higher in altitude) microenvironments. Out of 41 eligible participants, a total of 37 participants were included in this post-hoc TEMP trial analysis. Wearable sensors recorded personal air temperature, skin temperature, and activity (as a surrogate marker of physical activity) in each setting, while a time-stamped personal diary recorded the types of indoor or outdoor activities. Temperature peaks during the 24-h sampling period were detected using a peak finding algorithm. Mixed effect logistic regression models were fitted for the odds of participant location (being indoors vs. outdoors) as a function of setting (urban vs. rural) and sensor-based personal temperature data (either raw temperature values or number of temperature peaks). During the study period (July–end of September), median [interquartile range, IQR] personal air temperature in the rural (higher altitude) settings was 1.5 °C lower than that in the urban settings (27.1 °C [25.4, 29.2] vs. 28.6 °C [27.1, 30.5], p < 0.001), being consistent with the Mediterranean climate. Median [IQR] personal air temperature in indoor (micro)environments was lower than those in outdoors (28.0 °C [26.4, 30.3] vs 28.5 °C [26.8, 30.7], p < 0.001). However, median [IQR] skin temperature was higher in indoor (micro)environments vs. outdoors (34.8 °C [34.0, 35.6] and 33.9 °C [32.9, 34.8], p < 0.001) and the number of both personal air and skin temperature peaks was higher indoors compared to outdoors (median [IQR] 3.0 [2.0,4.0] vs 1.0 [1.0,1.3], p < 0.007, for the skin sensors). A significant association between the number of temperature peaks and indoor location types was observed with either the personal air sensor (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.2–8.2; p = 0.02) or the skin sensor (OR 3.7; 95% CI 1.4–9.9; p = 0.01), suggesting higher number of indoor air temperature fluctuations. Amidst the global climate crisis, more population health studies or personalized medicine approaches that utilize continuous tracking of individual-level air/skin temperatures in both indoor/outdoor locations would be warranted, if we were to better characterize the disease phenotype in response to climate change manifestations.

scholarly journals Soil mycobiota under managed and unmanaged forests of Nothofagus pumilio in Tierra del Fuego, Argentina

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorena A. Elíades ◽  
Marta N. Cabello ◽  
Verónica Pancotto ◽  
Alicia Moretto ◽  
Natalia A. Ferreri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Biological Indicators ◽  
Tierra Del Fuego ◽  
Nothofagus Pumilio ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Shannon’S Diversity Index

Background: Management practices can modify the productivity of forests and the associated microbial diversity of soil. The soil mycobiota is considered a key factor in the ecological functions of forests. Forests of Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp. & Endl.) Krasser (Nothofagaceae) are the main source of timber and one of the most important economic resources in the province of Tierra del Fuego (Argentina). However, there is no information on the impact of forest management interventions for the soil mycobiota, which can be reliable biological indicators of disturbance.Methods: Fungi were isolated from samples of soil collected under several Nothofagus pumilio forests subjected to different types of management and periods of time since the intervention. Types of management were represented by harvested forest with a shelter wood cutting, stockpile area and control forest without intervention and the periods of time since intervention were 1, 5–10 and 50 years. Species richness, evenness and Shannon’s diversity index of the mycobiota in each condition of management were calculated. Additionally, the effect of seasonality was analysed.Results: The soil mycobiota was represented by 70 taxa. Richness and/or Shannon’s diversity index of the mycobiota between undisturbed forest and stockpile area were higher in May (autumn) than in September or November. There were no differences in mycobiota diversity between dates in the harvested forest.Conclusions: Our results indicate that the forest intervention per se did not negatively affect the soil culturable mycobiota composition of N. pumilio forests in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina).

scholarly journals Apple Sunburn Risk Detection—A Simple Model for Agricultural Decision Making and Some Fruit Temperature Measurements

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Klaus-Peter Wittich
Keyword(s):  
Simple Model ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Radiative Heating ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Northern Germany ◽  
Protection Measures ◽  
South Side ◽  
Skin Temperatures

AbstractAs a response to strong radiative heating, the fruit temperature of apples may rise significantly above the air temperature. This may result in damage to the skin tissue and the epidermal and hypodermal cell layers. To avoid economic losses induced by sunburn symptoms on the skin, apple growers need forecasts of the fruit temperature, which will allow them to organize sun-protection measures in time.The temperatures of detached apples, which had been exposed to incident radiation and wind, were measured in order to quantify the extent of fruit heating under the climate conditions of northern Germany. On average, the daily maximum skin temperatures measured on the sunlit south side of the fruit during selected sunny and warm days were about 7 °C above the daily maximum air temperature. However, skin temperatures of more than 40 °C (the predefined warning threshold) were rarely detected, indicating that sunburn is still an uncommon phenomenon in northern Germany. Maximum apple-core temperatures were on average 4 °C higher than the maximum temperatures of ambient air.Based on energy balance principles, a simple model has been developed to predict the diurnal cycle of the sky- and ground-facing hemispherical apple temperatures. Focusing on fruit growers’ needs, daily temperature maxima of the modeled sky-facing hemisphere were compared with skin temperatures measured on the sunlit south side, resulting in a mean absolute error (MAE) of 1.7 °C. Comparison between daily maxima of total sphere temperatures and apple core temperatures provided better correlations (MAE = 0.8 °C).

Sweating in cattle. II. Cutaneous evaporative loss measured from limited areas and its relationship with skin, rectal, and air temperatures

1959 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Taneja
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Evaporative Loss ◽  
Cutaneous Evaporation ◽  
The University ◽  
Skin Temperatures

1. Three female calves (Shorthorn, Zebux Australian Illawara Shorthorn, and American Brahman) of about 7–8 months old were exposed to different combinations of wet- and dry-bulb temperatures in the psychrometric chamber at the Physiology Department of the University of Queensland.2. A capsule method has been developed for measurement of cutaneous evaporation from limited areas. This method has been described in detail.3. Cutaneous evaporation from the shoulder area of the Zebu cross was significantly higher than that of the Shorthorn. There was, however, no difference between the two animals in their cutaneous evaporation from the belly area.4. In the Zebu cross the cutaneous water losses from the shoulder area, on the average, increased linearly with increase in skin temperature. In the Shorthorn, there was no important increase in the cutaneous evaporation from the shoulder area, although the skin temperature increased by about 2–3/ F.5. The Zebu cross had lower skin temperatures of the shoulder area when compared with that of the Shorthorn. These lower skin temperatures were associated with higher cutaneous evaporation.6. Increase in rectal temperature was not accompanied by increase in cutaneous evaporation in all the three animals studied.7. In all the three calves the cutaneous evaporation increased with increase in air temperature.

Evaluation of Abaya Design Using Thermal Manikin

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 1744-1748
Author(s):  
Salwa Tashkandi ◽  
Sinnappoo Kanesalingam ◽  
Li Jing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Thermal Insulation ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Thermal Manikin ◽  
Ambient Air Temperature ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Skin Temperatures ◽  
Insulation Performance

The main objective of this research was to measure the thermal insulation using a thermal manikin dressed in various ensembles of clothing within the abaya. A range of clothing and abaya has been tested using a heated manikin. The thermal manikin experiments were conducted in dry condition. The ambient air temperature for the dry tests was set at 23oC and Relative Humidity at 50% and the mean skin temperatures averaged at 35oC. The results showed that the daily clothing and abaya affect the thermal insulation performance. It is uncomfortable to wear more layers of the daily wear clothing within the abaya. The abaya worn over the head thermally insulated slightly more than the abaya worn from the shoulder.

Body temperatures in some Australian mammals. V. Aboriginals

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1278-1282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Morrison
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Temperature Adaptation ◽  
Minimal Cover ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Australian Aboriginal ◽  
Exposed Skin ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Skin temperatures were measured on nine body areas with a portable radiometer at the beginning and at the end of a night of sleep in early summer. The subjects, young Australian aboriginal men and women from Haast's Bluff, slept in their normal circumstances outside on the ground with little protection. With some cover or on warmer, cloudy nights (average air temperature of 26.5 C), there were no losses in temperature beyond the expected nocturnal decline. With minimal cover on clear, cool nights when temperatures ranged down to 19 C for air and ground and to 4 C for sky, substantial losses were found for the 6-hr period: 33.2–30.4 C for the forehead; 27.7– 20.8 for the feet; 30.5–27.2 for the mean of the exposed skin; and 37.0–35.1 for the mouth. The maintenance of sleep at this level of cooling (minimum foot value = 17.6 C) represents a valuable adaptation in these people. Tropical aboriginals from Mornington and Bentinck Islands did not exhibit this tolerance, and insisted on cover even on warm nights (air temperature of 27 C) which did not depress skin temperature. cold; skin temperature; adaptation Submitted on December 21, 1964

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