scholarly journals Inferring predator–prey interaction in the subterranean environment: a case study from Dinaric caves

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ester Premate ◽  
Maja Zagmajster ◽  
Cene Fišer
Keyword(s):  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Experimental Manipulation ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Proteus Anguinus ◽  
Prey Interaction

AbstractPredator–prey interactions are among the most important biotic interactions shaping ecological communities and driving the evolution of defensive traits. These interactions and their effects on species received little attention in extreme and remote environments, where possibilities for direct observations and experimental manipulation of the animals are limited. In this paper, we study such type of environment, namely caves of the Dinarides (Europe), combining spatial and phylogenetic methods. We focused on several species of Niphargus amphipods living in phreatic lakes, as some of them use the dorsal spines as putative morphological defensive traits. We predicted that these spines represent a defense strategy against the olm (Proteus anguinus), a top predator species in the subterranean waters. We tested for spatial overlap of the olm and Niphargus species and showed that spined species live in closer proximity to and co-occur more frequently with the olm than non-spined species. Modeling of the evolution of the spines onto Niphargus phylogeny implies coevolution of this trait in the presence of olm. We conclude that these spines likely evolved as defensive traits in a predator–prey arms race. Combining multiple analyses, we provide an example for a methodological framework to assess predator–prey interactions when in-situ or laboratory observations are not possible.

Case Study Economic Valuation of Family Farming In the Peruvian Amazon in the Present Contexts of Ecological and Social Crisis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-63
Author(s):  
Rider PANDURO-MELENDEZ ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Valuation ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Peruvian Amazon ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Family Farming ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Data Production ◽  
San Martín

The present work corresponds to five different case studies of peasant agriculture and of 2 social types: one Amazonian and the other Andean immigrant, located in four different ecological floors. It was carried out in the Pilluana and Three United districts, Picota province, San Martín department, Upper Amazon of Peru. Open and semi-structured interviews were conducted and, direct observations of the various activities that exist in each family property with tours of each of the plots that it has on its properties in order to record in-situ information regarding the diversity they conserve, the uses and destinations of this diversity, concentrating on the value of diversity that is market oriented; it was analyzed on the basis of diversified production data, production volumes, values for each of them, environmental values, and food security and sovereignty; noting their resilience, adaptation and mitigation to the disorders of the contexts that present themselves. Keywords. Economic Valuation, Family Farming, In situ, Diversity, Marke

Gender, biodiversity and food sovereignty in the ecosystems of Alto Mayo, Poster, Rioja, San Martín -The case of the peasant Carolina Ocampo Soplac

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
Rider PANDURO-MELENDEZ ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Sovereignty ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Peasant Family ◽  
San Martín

This document is based on a case study of small-scale peasant agriculture and in this case linked to a peasant woman who is a conservator of biodiversity; It was carried out in the district of Cartel, province of Rioja, department of San Martín, Upper Amazon of Peru. Open and semi-structured interviews were conducted and direct observations were made of the various activities that this peasant family, which exists on its family farms, with tours of each of its plots that it has on its plots, with the aim of recording on -site information regarding to the diversity that they collect, conserve, the uses and destinations that this diversity has, concentrating on the value of diversity that is oriented to the market and food security; Data from diversified production, production volumes, values to each of them and the destinations of production for food security were analyzed; confirming their resilience, adaptation and mitigation to the disorders of the contexts that currently appear. Keywords. Accompaniment, Peasant Woman, In situ, Food Security, Diversity and Local Markets

scholarly journals A class of discrete predator–prey interaction with bifurcation analysis and chaos control

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Qamar Din ◽  
Nafeesa Saleem ◽  
Muhammad Sajjad Shabbir
Keyword(s):  
Chaos Control ◽  
Positive Equilibrium ◽  
Ecological Communities ◽  
Natural Ecosystems ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Center Manifold Theorem ◽  
Predator Prey Model ◽  
Boundary Equilibrium ◽  
Prey Interaction ◽  
Positive Equilibrium Point

The interaction between prey and predator is well-known within natural ecosystems. Due to their multifariousness and strong link population dynamics, predators contain distinct features of ecological communities. Keeping in view the Nicholson-Bailey framework for host-parasitoid interaction, a discrete-time predator–prey system is formulated and studied with implementation of type-II functional response and logistic prey growth in form of the Beverton-Holt map. Persistence of solutions and existence of equilibria are discussed. Moreover, stability analysis of equilibria is carried out for predator–prey model. With implementation of bifurcation theory of normal forms and center manifold theorem, it is proved that system undergoes transcritical bifurcation around its boundary equilibrium. On the other hand, if growth rate of consumers is taken as bifurcation parameter, then system undergoes Neimark-Sacker bifurcation around its positive equilibrium point. Methods of chaos control are introduced to avoid the populations from unpredictable behavior. Numerical simulation is provided to strengthen our theoretical discussion.

SPATIOTEMPORAL DYNAMICS OF AN ECOEPIDEMIOLOGICAL MODEL WITH STANDARD INCIDENCE

2007 ◽  
Vol 07 (02) ◽  
pp. 175-197
Author(s):  
BANIBRATA MUKHOPADHYAY ◽  
R. BHATTACHARYYA
Keyword(s):  
Traveling Wave ◽  
Dynamical Behavior ◽  
Traveling Wave Solutions ◽  
Homogeneous System ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Prey Population ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Prey Interaction ◽  
Bifurcation Behavior

We analyze a mathematical model of predator–prey interaction where the prey population is infected with a viral disease. Infection in the prey population is assumed to follow standard incidence. The dynamical behavior of the system is studied in terms of stability aspects. To model the gestation lag of the predator species and the spatially heterogeneous characteristics of an ecological population, we incorporate the concept of diffusionally coupled delay into the system. The bifurcation behavior of the delayed homogeneous system is studied. The existence of traveling wave solutions for the delay–diffusion model is established. Numerical simulations are performed to justify analytical findings.

scholarly journals Impacts of predator–prey interaction on managing maximum sustainable yield and resilience

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kanisha Pujaru ◽  
Tapan Kumar Kar
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Sustainable Yield ◽  
Trophic Levels ◽  
Generalist Predator ◽  
Sustainable Yield ◽  
Ecological Services ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Predator Prey ◽  
Prey Interaction ◽  
System Resilience ◽  
Broad Outline

This paper gives a broad outline of some comparative analysis of two ecological services, namely, yield and resilience of a generalist predator–prey system. Although either prey or predator species can be harvested at maximum sustainable yield (MSY) level, yet there is a trade-off between yield and resilience. When both the species are harvested simultaneously, MSY increase by changing catchabilities always increases the system resilience both in prey- and predator-oriented fishery. In particular, a prey-oriented fishery with low prey catchability gives more yield and resilience but in case of predator-oriented fishery with high predator catchability, gives more of these ecological services. Thus to get both the optimum yield and resilience, a balanced harvesting approach is needed between the prey and predator trophic levels. Throughout the analysis, we use both the analytical as well as numerical techniques.  

Direct Observations of the Epitaxial Growth of Sputtered Ag on Si

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 122-123
Author(s):  
J. S. Maa ◽  
Thos. E. Hutchinson
Keyword(s):  
Epitaxial Growth ◽  
Film Growth ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Ion Beam Sputtering ◽  
Microscopy Technique ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
In Situ Electron Microscopy ◽  
Beam Sputtering ◽  
The Subject

The growth of Ag films deposited on various substrate materials such as MoS2, mica, graphite, and MgO has been investigated extensively using the in situ electron microscopy technique. The three stages of film growth, namely, the nucleation, growth of islands followed by liquid-like coalescence have been observed in both the vacuum vapor deposited and ion beam sputtered thin films. The mechanisms of nucleation and growth of silver films formed by ion beam sputtering on the (111) plane of silicon comprise the subject of this paper. A novel mode of epitaxial growth is observed to that seen previously.The experimental arrangement for the present study is the same as previous experiments, and the preparation procedure for obtaining thin silicon substrate is presented in a separate paper.

Pengaruh Modal Sosial Terhadap Perkembangan Pariwisata di Kepulauan Riau

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurul Nadjmi
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
System Approach ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Analytic Approach ◽  
Community Groups ◽  
Study Strategy ◽  
Direct Observations ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

Kepulauan Riau merupakan provinsi yang terdiri dari beberapa pulau diantaranya Pulau Batam, Pulau Bintan dan Pulau Karimun. Modal sosial merupakan serangkaian nilai dan norma informal yang dimiliki oleh kelompok masyarat dalam membagun kerjasamanya. Lingkup penelitian pada pembahasan ini adalah terfokus pada pengaruh modal sosial terhadap perkembangan pariwisata di Kepulauan Riau dalam hal ini Pulau Batam, Pulau Bintan, dan Pulau Karimun. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Penelitian ini dikondisikan sebagai penelitian kualitatif melalui strategi studi kasus. Sistem pendekatan yang digunakan juga merupakan pendekatan deskriptif analitik. Melakukan pengamatan langsung, mengumpulkan data-data kemudian menghubungkannya dengan kajian teori yang digunakan. Lokus penelitian ini terdapat di Kepulauan Riau dengan melihat pengaruh modal sosial pada perkembangan pariwisata di ketiga pulau yaitu Pulau Batam, Pulau Bintan dan Pulau Karimun. Berdasarkan hasil survey yang saya lakukan di Kepulauan Riau, terutama pada ketiga pulau yaitu Pulau Batam, Pulau Bintan, dan Pulau Karimun, dari ketiga pulau tersebut ternyata pada Pulau Karimun perkembangan pariwisatanya tidak terlalu berkembang karena masyarakat yang tidak menerima adanya wisatawan terutama wisatawan mancanegara. Riau Islands is a province consisting of several islands including Batam Island, Bintan Island and Karimun Island. Social capital is a set of informal values ​​and norms that are owned by community groups in building cooperation. The scope of research in this discussion is focused on the influence of social capital on the development of tourism in the Riau Islands, in this case Batam Island, Bintan Island, and Karimun Island. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative research. This research is conditioned as qualitative research through a case study strategy. The system approach used is also a descriptive analytic approach. Make direct observations, collect data and then relate it to the study of the theories used. The locus of this research is in the Riau Islands by looking at the influence of social capital on the development of tourism in the three islands, namely Batam Island, Bintan Island and Karimun Island. Based on the results of a survey I conducted in the Riau Islands, especially on the three islands, namely Batam Island, Bintan Island, and Karimun Island, of the three islands, it turns out that on Karimun Island the development of tourism is not very developed because people do not accept tourists, especially foreign tourists.

SenCity – Evaluating Users’ Experiences of Intelligent Lighting for Well-Being in Smart Cities

2018 ◽  
pp. 60-67
Author(s):  
Henrika Pihlajaniemi ◽  
Anna Luusua ◽  
Eveliina Juntunen
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Smart City ◽  
Smart Cities ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Evaluation Methods ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
System Data

This paper presents the evaluation of usersХ experiences in three intelligent lighting pilots in Finland. Two of the case studies are related to the use of intelligent lighting in different kinds of traffic areas, having emphasis on aspects of visibility, traffic and movement safety, and sense of security. The last case study presents a more complex view to the experience of intelligent lighting in smart city contexts. The evaluation methods, tailored to each pilot context, include questionnaires, an urban dashboard, in-situ interviews and observations, evaluation probes, and system data analyses. The applicability of the selected and tested methods is discussed reflecting the process and achieved results.

Site specific agricultural soil management with the use of new technologies

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-67
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Digital Interface ◽  
Appropriate Treatment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Soil Variation ◽  
Soil Information ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
Agricultural Areas

<p>The Soil Science Institute of Thessaloniki produces new digitized Soil Maps that provide a useful electronic database for the spatial representation of the soil variation within a region, based on in situ soil sampling, laboratory analyses, GIS techniques and plant nutrition mathematical models, coupled with the local land cadastre. The novelty of these studies is that local agronomists have immediate access to a wide range of soil information by clicking on a field parcel shown in this digital interface and, therefore, can suggest an appropriate treatment (e.g. liming, manure incorporation, desalination, application of proper type and quantity of fertilizer) depending on the field conditions and cultivated crops. A specific case study is presented in the current work with regards to the construction of the digitized Soil Map of the regional unit of Kastoria. The potential of this map can easily be realized by the fact that the mapping of the physicochemical properties of the soils in this region provided delineation zones for differential fertilization management. An experiment was also conducted using remote sensing techniques for the enhancement of the fertilization advisory software database, which is a component of the digitized map, and the optimization of nitrogen management in agricultural areas.</p>

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