scholarly journals Kinetics of slow release of nitrogen fertiliser from multi-layered nanofibrous structures

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Javazmi ◽  
Anthony Young ◽  
Gavin J. Ash ◽  
Tobias Low
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Triple Layer ◽  
Urea Release ◽  
Electrospun Nanofibres ◽  
Kinetics Of

AbstractFertilisers are essential in modern agriculture to enhance plant growth, crop production and product quality. Recent research has focused on the development of delivery systems designed to prolong fertiliser release. This study introduces a new technology to encapsulate and release molecules of fertilisers by using multi-layered electrospun nanofibre as a carrier. Single-layer poly L-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofibres loaded with urea were fabricated using electrospinning. Triple-layer nanofibrous structures were produced by electrospinning polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) nanofibres as external layers with PLLA nanofibres impregnated with urea fertiliser as the middle layer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) were employed to characterize the morphology of electrospun nanofibres. Urea release dynamic was analysed using a total nitrogen instrument (TNM-1). The results indicated that triple-layered urea-impregnated nanofibrous structures led to lower initial rate of nitrogen release and slower release rate of cumulative nitrogen which extended for more than three months. It is concluded that triple-layer nanofibrous structures have the potential for slow release delivery of fertilisers.

scholarly journals Making cotton face masks extra-protective by use of impervious cloth as the front layer to restrict flow of aerosols and droplets

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priyanka L Shahane-Kapse ◽  
Moreshwar R Shende ◽  
Sumit Kar ◽  
Pradeep Deshmukh ◽  
Dhiraj Bhandari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Face Mask ◽  
The Other ◽  
Outer Side ◽  
Carbol Fuchsin ◽  
Triple Layer ◽  
Impervious Layer ◽  
Surgical Masks ◽  
The Face

Introduction: One of the important measures to prevent spread of COVID-19 in community is use of face mask. Though the debate is going on regarding the airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 it makes reasonable point for universal use of face masks. A large variety of face masks are available in the market or people can make their own using household items. The efficacy of masks depends upon the type of cloth and number of layers of the cloth. Material and methods: We have created an innovative mask with two layers of cotton and an impervious layer. The impervious layer made from polypropylene coated with polyurethane was applied on the outer side in the middle half of the mask in front of mouth and nose. The efficacy of this test mask was measured against N95FFR (reference standard), triple layer surgical masks and single layer cotton mask. A manikin was used wearing these masks/respirator and aerosols/droplets of diluted red colored carbol fuchsin and fluorescent Auramine O were sprayed from distance of 1m and 2m. We also tested use of face shield. Both macroscopic and microscopic examination of the dissected masks and respirator was performed. Results: The N95FFR was able to block the aerosols/droplets by its front layer. One triple layer surgical mask showed microscopic presence of stain in its innermost layer while the other blocked it with middle layer. The single layer cotton mask was not able to protect as we observed stain on the face itself. The test mask blocked most of the stain on impervious layer and also on the front cotton layer on lateral sides, where impervious layer was absent. When fluorescent stain was used, ultraviolet examination demonstrated that the whole area covered by test mask was clean while the other non covered area was fluorescent. Conclusion: We believe that our innovation can be used in the community as well as in general areas of the hospital like, offices, labs, etc. and can be a better alternative to single use triple layer surgical masks. Further testing may be done by other organizations to rule out bias in our study.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Polysaccharides and Neutral Lipids during Anther Development in Castor (Ricinus communis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 356-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongmei Wei ◽  
Huimin Xu ◽  
Ruili Li
Keyword(s):  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Anther Development ◽  
Anther Wall ◽  
Starch Grains ◽  
Tapetal Cells

Anthers contain starch and neutral lipids, which have key roles in microspore ontogeny and gametophyte development. In this study, we observed the dynamic changes in starch and neutral lipids in the anther developmental processes of castor (Ricinus communis) by cytochemical methods. Starch grains and neutral lipids presented a regular dynamic distribution during anther development. In young anthers, some neutral lipids accumulated in sporogenous cells, whereas neutral lipids disappeared with microspore growth. At the late microspore stage, starch grains began to accumulate in microspores, and the starch content of bicellular pollen significantly increased after microspore mitosis. At anthesis, starch grains and neutral lipids accumulated in the mature pollen grains. Visible changes occurred in anther wall cells. The epidermis, middle layer, and tapetum were degenerated, and only a single layer of endothecium remained at anthesis. The dynamic variation of starch grains and neutral lipids in tapetal cells was consistent with the changes in microspores and pollen during anther development. All these findings demonstrated that tapetal cells directly interacted with the developing gametophytes. The tapetal cells play an important role in supplying nutritional substances for microspore absorption. Moreover, the endothecium protects the pollen and contributes to anther dehiscence. The results of this study provide a foundation for the further research on sexual reproduction in angiosperms.

scholarly journals Uses of different techniques for the production of sustainable soil and food

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahrish Khan ◽  
Abdul Waris
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Disease Management ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Soil Condition ◽  
Plant Disease Management

Due to increase in the population which is estimated that the human papulation will increased 9.7 billion in 2050. There is also increase the demands of the food productions. That’s why there is need to solve the problems regarding to the production of the food. Major problem of the food production is the shortage of the land due to the low and bad soil structure and quality of the soil. Soil erosion is one of the main issue which is caused  due to the used of different chemicals, pesticides and fertilizers which are mainly used for the  plant growth and protection but they are the main reasons of the production of the pollution in the soil. There is need of the different new technology for the improvement of the soil structure, quality, its fertility and decontamination of pollution from the soil which are eco-friendly to the environment and have no adverse effect. In this study the role of the different techniques in which genetic engineering, Nano technologies, soil and crop management strategies, integrated pest control management strategies, sustainable remediation techniques, microbial management strategies and the different management stairgates. All these techniques aim to the production of the plants and microbes which are effective against plant disease management. The aim of the use nano agrochemicals and nano sensors for sensing environmental and pathogen conditions against disease management. The aim of the paper to provide the production of the disease resistance plant and the provide balanced nutrients supplements to the soil for the improvement of the soil condition and its fertility. These techniques have economic importance due to the use of the nano agrochemicals which are low cost and have effective and reduce the use of the chemicals substances which have negative effect on the  soil fertility.. There are sustainable remediations techniques also discussed which are used for the decontamination of the soil pollution. In this study the main focus on the improve and increase soil fertility which enhance the growth of the plants as well the production of the crop production. The production of the stress and degradation resistance microbes which is important factor for the protection of the soil from degradation or contamination. All the techniques which are used in this paper have no adverse effect they are helpful in the tolerance of the stress conditions.

scholarly journals Contribution of Factors Affecting Crop Production in Bangladesh: An Empirical Analysis with Production Function Approach

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Faruq-Uz-Zaman
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Climate Effect ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Or Economics

Bangladesh has achieved a tremendous success in food production in last few decades amidst challenges of land degradation, land use changes and climate effect. In spite of the increasing trend of yields of crops, there still remain some challenges to meet the growing needs due to increase in population and loss of land to development activities. This study aims to identify the rate of contributions or economics of factors of crop production in Bangladesh. Cobb-Douglas production function has been applied in this study of crop production using a number of production factors within the broad terms land, labour and capital. Secondary data, representing factors of production, have been selected based on literature reviews so that they can be appropriate for this study. Data of crop production have been considered as dependent variables, whereas, land area coverage for agricultural production, labour employed in agriculture, agricultural household expenditure, fertilizer applied and irrigation coverage have been considered as independent variables. Land and labour is negatively correlated with crop production, whereas, fertilizer is positively correlated. Crop production which shows decreasing return to scale deserves the adoption of new technology and good agricultural management practices.

scholarly journals Some advantages of three-layer medium-density fibreboard as compared to the traditional single-layer one

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Turgay Akbulut ◽  
Nadir Ayrilmis
Keyword(s):  
Bond Strength ◽  
Internal Bond ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Resin Content ◽  
Internal Bond Strength ◽  
Medium Density ◽  
Medium Density Fibreboard ◽  
Uf Resin ◽  
Layer Medium

Abstract The aim of the study was to develop three-layer medium-density fibreboard (MDF) manufacture by adding the coarse fibres in the middle layer, like three-layer particleboard. The liquid urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin was reduced from 10.5 to 6.5 wt% in the middle layer of the MDFs. The UF resin content was kept constant at 10 wt% in the surface layers of all the MDFs. Moreover, the average density of MDFs was decreased from 730 to 650 kg/m3. The internal bond strength of three-layer MDFs decreased with decreasing UF resin content (10.5 to 8.5 wt%) in the middle layer. However, the decreases in the internal bond strength were statistically not significant. The internal bond strength values of the MDFs having density between 730 and 675 kg/m3 did not show significant differences. The cost savings of the resin were 20% when the amount of resin was reduced from 10.5 to 8.5 wt%. Three-layer MDFs had lower resin consumption at lower densities over traditional single-layer MDFs produced in the same plant with the same material components without decreasing their technological properties. In conclusion, it can be said that three-layer MDF could be produced at a lower cost than traditional single-layer MDF.

scholarly journals MACHoice: a Decision Support System for agricultural machinery management

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 305-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Cunha ◽  
S.G. Gonçalves
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Support System ◽  
Support System ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Modern Agriculture ◽  
Level Of Automation ◽  
High Level ◽  
User Friendly

AbstractMechanisation is a key input in modern agriculture, while it accounts for a large part of crop production costs, it can bring considerable farm benefits if well managed. Models for simulated machinery costs, may not replace actual cost measurements but the information obtained through them can replace a farm’s existing records, becoming more valuable to decision makers. MACHoice, a decision support system (DSS) presented in this paper, is a farm machinery cost estimator and break-even analyzer of alternatives for agricultural operations, developed using user-driven expectations and in close collaboration with agronomists and computer engineers. It integrates an innovative algorithm developed for projections of machinery costs under different rates of annual machine use and work capacity processing, which is crucial to decisions on break-even machinery alternatives. A case study based on the comparison of multiple alternatives for grape harvesting operations is presented to demonstrate the typical results that can be expected from MACHoice, and to identify its capabilities and limitations. This DSS offers an integrated and flexible analysis environment with a user-friendly graphical interface as well as a high level of automation of processing chains. The DSS-output consists of charts and tables, evidencing the differences related to costs and carbon emissions between the options inserted by the user for the different intensity of yearly work proceeded. MACHoice is an interactive web-based tool that can be accessed freely for non-commercial use by every known browser.

Multilayer and Fiber Metal Laminate Materials Hydro-Bulging

2018 ◽  
Vol 941 ◽  
pp. 1996-2005
Author(s):  
Ehsan Sherkatghanad ◽  
Li Hui Lang ◽  
Shi Chen Liu
Keyword(s):  
Thickness Distribution ◽  
Single Layer ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Middle Layer ◽  
Composite Fiber ◽  
Advanced Materials ◽  
Carbon Cloth ◽  
Stress Strain ◽  
Aluminum Composite ◽  
Fiber Metal

Advanced materials such as aluminum alloys and composites offer great potential for weight reduction applications in automotive and aerospace vehicles construction. In order to investigate the feasibility of using such materials in the form of laminates, sheet bulging with single-layer aluminum and the aluminum/Composite laminate with the carbon cloth as the middle layer is investigated under uniform liquid pressure conditions. The aluminum sheet stress-strain, wall thickness distribution, carbon fiber radius stress-strain distribution and the effect of die entrance radius etc. are discussed and compared in details. FE results validate that the numerical method can predict the same fracture regions for bulging-blank as observed in experimental tests. Furthermore, the study validates that multi-layer sheet hydro-bulging process with composite fiber as a middle layer is not feasible to form laminates due to rupture of composite fibers near edge regions. Further study is needed to improve the methodology.

Improvement of Hydrophobicity of Urea Modified Tapioca Starch Film with Lignin for Slow Release Fertilizer

2012 ◽  
Vol 626 ◽  
pp. 350-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarwono Ariyanti ◽  
Zakaria Man ◽  
Mohammad Azmi Bustam
Keyword(s):  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Fourier Transform Infrared ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Tapioca Starch ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizer ◽  
Urea Release ◽  
Modified Tapioca Starch

Tapioca starch was chemically modified with urea in the presence of borate as crosslinker and catalyst. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and viscosity were performed to measure qualitatively the reactivity of the mixture. To improve the hydrophobicity, 10% of lignin (10%L) was then added into the starch-urea-borate (SUB) system. The incorporation of lignin leads to lower water uptake film. It was found that lignin retards the urea release and the SUB10%L film is stable and stayed intact for one month after immersing in water which shows high potential as a biopolymer for slow release fertilizer.

Synthesis and visible photocatalytic activities of a Au@Ag@ZnO triple layer core–shell nanostructure

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (9) ◽  
pp. 4197-4203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrinmoy Misra ◽  
Pawan Kapur ◽  
Manoj Kumar Nayak ◽  
MadanLal Singla
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Orange ◽  
Visible Light ◽  
Core Shell ◽  
Photo Degradation ◽  
Photocatalytic Mechanism ◽  
Triple Layer ◽  
Photocatalytic Activities ◽  
Kinetics Of

Visible light induced photocatalytic mechanism of Au@Ag@ZnO core–shell nanostructure and kinetics of methyl orange (MO) photo degradation by ZnO, Au@ZnO, Au@Ag@ZnO and TiO2.

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