Investigating the effects of chronic perinatal alcohol and combined nicotine and alcohol exposure on dopaminergic and non-dopaminergic neurons in the VTA

AbstractThe ventral tegmental area (VTA) is the origin of dopaminergic neurons and the dopamine (DA) reward pathway. This pathway has been widely studied in addiction and drug reinforcement studies and is believed to be the central processing component of the reward circuit. In this study, we used a well-established rat model to expose mother dams to alcohol, nicotine-alcohol, and saline perinatally. DA and non-DA neurons collected from the VTA of the rat pups were used to study expression profiles of miRNAs and mRNAs. miRNA pathway interactions, putative miRNA-mRNA target pairs, and downstream modulated biological pathways were analyzed. In the DA neurons, 4607 genes were differentially upregulated and 4682 were differentially downregulated following nicotine-alcohol exposure. However, in the non-DA neurons, only 543 genes were differentially upregulated and 506 were differentially downregulated. Cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival pathways were enriched after the treatments. Specifically, in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, there were 41 miRNAs and 136 mRNAs differentially expressed in the DA neurons while only 16 miRNAs and 20 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the non-DA neurons after the nicotine-alcohol exposure. These results depicted that chronic nicotine and alcohol exposures during pregnancy differentially affect both miRNA and gene expression profiles more in DA than the non-DA neurons in the VTA. Understanding how the expression signatures representing specific neuronal subpopulations become enriched in the VTA after addictive substance administration helps us to identify how neuronal functions may be altered in the brain.

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4 Molecularly guided multiplexed digital spatial analysis reveals differential gene expression profiles in the WNT-β-catenin pathway between melanoma and prostate tumors

Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer ◽

10.1136/jitc-2020-sitc2020.0004 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (Suppl 3) ◽

pp. A4-A4

Author(s):

Anushka Dikshit ◽

Dan Zollinger ◽

Karen Nguyen ◽

Jill McKay-Fleisch ◽

Kit Fuhrman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Single Cell ◽

Single Molecule ◽

Spatial Information ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Fluorescence Assay ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Tumor Type ◽

Prostate Tumors

BackgroundThe canonical WNT-β-catenin signaling pathway is vital for development and tissue homeostasis but becomes strongly tumorigenic when dysregulated. and alter the transcriptional signature of a cell to promote malignant transformation. However, thorough characterization of these transcriptomic signatures has been challenging because traditional methods lack either spatial information, multiplexing, or sensitivity/specificity. To overcome these challenges, we developed a novel workflow combining the single molecule and single cell visualization capabilities of the RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) assay with the highly multiplexed spatial profiling capabilities of the GeoMx™ Digital Spatial Profiler (DSP) RNA assays. Using these methods, we sought to spatially profile and compare gene expression signatures of tumor niches with high and low CTNNB1 expression.MethodsAfter screening 120 tumor cores from multiple tumors for CTNNB1 expression by the RNAscope assay, we identified melanoma as the tumor type with the highest CTNNB1 expression while prostate tumors had the lowest expression. Using the RNAscope Multiplex Fluorescence assay we selected regions of high CTNNB1 expression within 3 melanoma tumors as well as regions with low CTNNB1 expression within 3 prostate tumors. These selected regions of interest (ROIs) were then transcriptionally profiled using the GeoMx DSP RNA assay for a set of 78 genes relevant in immuno-oncology. Target genes that were differentially expressed were further visualized and spatially assessed using the RNAscope Multiplex Fluorescence assay to confirm GeoMx DSP data with single cell resolution.ResultsThe GeoMx DSP analysis comparing the melanoma and prostate tumors revealed that they had significantly different gene expression profiles and many of these genes showed concordance with CTNNB1 expression. Furthermore, immunoregulatory targets such as ICOSLG, CTLA4, PDCD1 and ARG1, also demonstrated significant correlation with CTNNB1 expression. On validating selected targets using the RNAscope assay, we could distinctly visualize that they were not only highly expressed in melanoma compared to the prostate tumor, but their expression levels changed proportionally to that of CTNNB1 within the same tumors suggesting that these differentially expressed genes may be regulated by the WNT-β-catenin pathway.ConclusionsIn summary, by combining the RNAscope ISH assay and the GeoMx DSP RNA assay into one joint workflow we transcriptionally profiled regions of high and low CTNNB1 expression within melanoma and prostate tumors and identified genes potentially regulated by the WNT- β-catenin pathway. This novel workflow can be fully automated and is well suited for interrogating the tumor and stroma and their interactions.GeoMx Assays are for RESEARCH ONLY, not for diagnostics.

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Effects of MiR-451a on the Phagocytosis and Polarization of Macrophages

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2020-140250 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 42-42

Author(s):

Xiaoli Liu ◽

Dongyue Zhang ◽

Hao Wang ◽

Qian Ren ◽

Lina Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Marrow ◽

Conflicts Of Interest ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Microrna Expression ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Proliferation Capacity ◽

Microrna Sequencing ◽

Differentiation Marker

Macrophages are important member in tissue microenvironments and play diverse physiologic and pathologic roles. Leukemia associated macrophages (LAM) are a kind of specifically activated macrophages in leukemia microenvironment, which are different from M1, M2 and TAMs. We have reported the heterogeneities in gene expression profiles of LAMs. However, MicroRNA expression profiles of LAMs and regulatory mechanism are still unknown. Here, a MLL-AF9 induced mouse acute myeloid leukemia (AML) model was used, and LAMs in the spleen and bone marrow were sorted for microRNA sequencing. The microRNA expression profiles of LAMs in bone marrow and spleen in AML mice were different from macrophages from control mice. Based on the volcano plot, more than 100 microRNAs were differentially expressed in LAMs compared with macrophages in control mice. Next, five differentially expressed microRNAs were selected and verified by qRT-PCR in LAMs from spleen. The results showed that miR-451a and miR-155-5p in spleen LAMs were significantly upregulated in LAMs from spleen. Overexpression of miR-451a altered the morphology of macrophages, enhanced the phagocytic ability of macrophages, and promotes the expression of macrophage differentiation marker CD11b. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-451a had little effect on M0 macrophages, but increased the proliferation capacity of macrophages upon stimulation toward M1 or M2 phenotype. MiR-451a overexpressed-macrophages had higher level of iNOS when stimulated with LPS or IL-4 whereas there was no difference in the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, CD206 and Arg-1 between MiR-451a overexpressed-macrophages and control macrophage. Therefore, our data revealed the characteristics of the microRNA expression profile of LAMs for the first time, and verified the effect of miR-451a on macrophage in vitro. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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171 THE EFFECT OF TRICHOSTATIN A ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND THE GLOBAL GENE EXPRESSION PATTERNS IN MOUSE EMBRYOS DEVELOPING IN VITRO

Reproduction Fertility and Development ◽

10.1071/rdv20n1ab171 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 165

Author(s):

X. S. Cui ◽

X. Y. Li ◽

T. Kim ◽

N.-H. Kim

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Trichostatin A ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Mouse Embryos ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Gene Expression Patterns ◽

Cell Stage

Trichostatin A (TSA) is an inhibitor of histone deacetylase and is able to alter gene expression patterns by interfering with the removal of acetyl groups from histones. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of TSA treatment on the development and gene expression patterns of mouse zygotes developing in vitro. The addition of 100 nm TSA to the culture medium did not affect the cleavage of mouse embryos (TSA treatment, 148/150 (99%) v. control, 107/107 (100%)); however, embryos that were treated with TSA arrested at the 2-cell stage (145/148, 98%). We estimated the number of nuclei in control and TSA-treated embryos by propidium iodide staining, taking into account the presence of any cells with two or more nuclei. At 62–63 h post-hCG stimulation, control zygotes had developed to the 4-cell stage and exhibited one nucleus in each blastomere, indicative of normal development. In contrast, we observed tetraploid nuclei in at least one blastomere in 20.8% (11/53) of the embryos that had been treated with TSA. At 28–29 h post-hCG stimulation (metaphase of the 1-cell stage), there was no difference in the mitotic index (as determined by analyzing the microtubule configuration) in the TSA group compared to the control group. At the 2-cell stage, however, we did not observe mitotic spindles and metaphase chromatin in embryos in the TSA treatment group compared to the controls. Interestingly, when embryos were cultured in TSA-free medium from 35 h post-hCG stimulation (S- or early G2-phase of the 2-cell stage) onward, almost all of them (47/50) developed to the blastocyst stage. In contrast, when embryos were cultured in TSA-free medium from 42 h post-hCG stimulation (middle G2-phase of the 2-cell stage) onward, they did not develop to the 4-cell stage. We used Illumina microarray technology to analyze the gene expression profiles in control and TSA-treated late 2-cell-stage embryos. Applied Biosystems Expression System software was used to extract assay signals and assay signal-to-noise ratio values from the microarray images. Our data showed that 897 genes were significantly (P < 0.05; 2-sample t-test) up- or down-regulated by TSA treatment compared to controls. Analysis using the PANTHER classification system (https://panther.appliedbiosystems.com) revealed that the 575 genes that were differentially expressed in the TSA group compared to the control were classified as being associated with putative biological processes or molecular function. Overall, in terms of putative biological processes, more nucleoside, nucleotide, and nucleic acid metabolism, protein metabolism and modification, signal transduction, developmental process, and cell cycle genes were differentially expressed between the TSA and control groups. In terms of putative molecular function, more nucleic acid-binding transcription factor and transferase genes were differentially expressed between the groups. The results collectively suggest that inhibition of histone acetylation in mouse embryos affects gene expression profiles at the time of zygotic genome activation, and this subsequently affects further development.

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Investigating the influence of perinatal nicotine and alcohol exposure on the genetic profiles of dopaminergic neurons in the VTA using miRNA–mRNA analysis

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-71875-1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tina Kazemi ◽

Shuyan Huang ◽

Naze G. Avci ◽

Charlotte Mae K. Waits ◽

Yasemin M. Akay ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Axon Guidance ◽

Mirna Gene ◽

Alcohol Exposure ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Saline Control ◽

Perinatal Exposure ◽

Drug Reinforcement ◽

Gene Target ◽

Rat Pups

Abstract Nicotine and alcohol are two of the most commonly used and abused recreational drugs, are often used simultaneously, and have been linked to significant health hazards. Furthermore, patients diagnosed with dependence on one drug are highly likely to be dependent on the other. Several studies have shown the effects of each drug independently on gene expression within many brain regions, including the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the dopamine reward pathway originate from the VTA, which is believed to be central to the mechanism of addiction and drug reinforcement. Using a well-established rat model for both nicotine and alcohol perinatal exposure, we investigated miRNA and mRNA expression of dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the VTA in rat pups following perinatal alcohol and joint nicotine–alcohol exposure. Microarray analysis was then used to profile the differential expression of both miRNAs and mRNAs from DA neurons of each treatment group to further explore the altered genes and related biological pathways modulated. Predicted and validated miRNA-gene target pairs were analyzed to further understand the roles of miRNAs within these networks following each treatment, along with their post transcription regulation points affecting gene expression throughout development. This study suggested that glutamatergic synapse and axon guidance pathways were specifically enriched and many miRNAs and genes were significantly altered following alcohol or nicotine–alcohol perinatal exposure when compared to saline control. These results provide more detailed insight into the cell proliferation, neuronal migration, neuronal axon guidance during the infancy in rats in response to perinatal alcohol/ or nicotine–alcohol exposure.

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Integrated Transcriptomic Analysis of Necrosis-related Gene in Diffuse Gliomas

Journal of Neurological Surgery Part A Central European Neurosurgery ◽

10.1055/s-0039-1683448 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 80 (04) ◽

pp. 240-249

Author(s):

Jiajia Wang ◽

Jie Ma

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

High Risk ◽

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Prognostic Index ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Risk Groups ◽

Low Risk ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Low Grade

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), an aggressive brain tumor, is characterized histologically by the presence of a necrotic center surrounded by so-called pseudopalisading cells. Pseudopalisading necrosis has long been used as a prognostic feature. However, the underlying molecular mechanism regulating the progression of GBMs remains unclear. We hypothesized that the gene expression profiles of individual cancers, specifically necrosis-related genes, would provide objective information that would allow for the creation of a prognostic index. Gene expression profiles of necrotic and nonnecrotic areas were obtained from the Ivy Glioblastoma Atlas Project (IVY GAP) database to explore the differentially expressed genes.A robust signature of seven genes was identified as a predictor for glioblastoma and low-grade glioma (GBM/LGG) in patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. This set of genes was able to stratify GBM/LGG and GBM patients into high-risk and low-risk groups in the training set as well as the validation set. The TCGA, Repository for Molecular Brain Neoplasia Data (Rembrandt), and GSE16011 databases were then used to validate the expression level of these seven genes in GBMs and LGGs. Finally, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the high-risk and low-risk groups were subjected to gene ontology enrichment, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway, and gene set enrichment analyses, and they revealed that these DEGs were associated with immune and inflammatory responses. In conclusion, our study identified a novel seven-gene signature that may guide the prognostic prediction and development of therapeutic applications.

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The RNA-seq approach to discriminate gene expression profiles in response to Beauveria bassiana and Micrococcus luteus microbial pathogens on Actias selene (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4591.1.1 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4591 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

DAN LIANG ◽

PEI WANG ◽

LINGLING WU ◽

XIAOLI JIANG ◽

GUOQING WEI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Beauveria Bassiana ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Micrococcus Luteus ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Microbial Pathogens ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Immune Mechanism

Actias selene (Hübner) is an important silk-spinning moth. Like other moths, it has innate immunity but no acquired immunity. However, there are few studies on immune-related genes of A. selene. Here, differential expression RNAseq experiment was employed to examine the genes related to different metabolic pathways and to explore the immune mechanism of the A. selene post Beauveria bassiana (Bb) and Micrococcus luteus (ML) stimuli. A total of 64,372,921 clean reads were obtained and 39,057 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. In the Bb vs. PBS group (PBS as the control), 9,092 genes were up-regulated and 4,438 genes were down-regulated; in the ML vs. PBS group, 5,903 genes were up-regulated and 5,175 genes were down-regulated. The KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) and GO (Gene Ontology) analyses of DEGs confirmed that many DEGs were associated with "Metabolism pathway", "cellular process", "cell" and "catalytic activity". Among them, 194 and 149 differentially expressed genes were related to immunity in the Bb vs. PBS group and ML vs. PBS group, respectively. We verified the reliability of the data with reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR analysis of randomly selected genes. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree results showed that HSP90, PGRP and MyD88 genes of A. selene were most closely related to Antheraea pernyi (Guérin-Méneville). These results will provide an overview of the molecular mechanism of A. selene resistance to fungal and bacterial infections as well as an evolutionary aspect of these genes. Moreover, the interrelated trophic mechanisms among different groups of organisms are vital to explore, thus this study will lay a foundation for further studies on the innate immune mechanism of saturniid moths, and provide important theoretical basis for studying the relationship between A. selene and other species.

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Integrated analysis of the aging brain transcriptome and proteome in tauopathy

Molecular Neurodegeneration ◽

10.1186/s13024-020-00405-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Carl Grant Mangleburg ◽

Timothy Wu ◽

Hari K. Yalamanchili ◽

Caiwei Guo ◽

Yi-Chen Hsieh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Human Brain ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Integrated Analysis ◽

Mutant Form ◽

Brain Gene Expression ◽

Brain Transcriptome ◽

Age Dependent

Abstract Background Tau neurofibrillary tangle pathology characterizes Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative tauopathies. Brain gene expression profiles can reveal mechanisms; however, few studies have systematically examined both the transcriptome and proteome or differentiated Tau- versus age-dependent changes. Methods Paired, longitudinal RNA-sequencing and mass-spectrometry were performed in a Drosophila model of tauopathy, based on pan-neuronal expression of human wildtype Tau (TauWT) or a mutant form causing frontotemporal dementia (TauR406W). Tau-induced, differentially expressed transcripts and proteins were examined cross-sectionally or using linear regression and adjusting for age. Hierarchical clustering was performed to highlight network perturbations, and we examined overlaps with human brain gene expression profiles in tauopathy. Results TauWT induced 1514 and 213 differentially expressed transcripts and proteins, respectively. TauR406W had a substantially greater impact, causing changes in 5494 transcripts and 697 proteins. There was a ~ 70% overlap between age- and Tau-induced changes and our analyses reveal pervasive bi-directional interactions. Strikingly, 42% of Tau-induced transcripts were discordant in the proteome, showing opposite direction of change. Tau-responsive gene expression networks strongly implicate innate immune activation. Cross-species analyses pinpoint human brain gene perturbations specifically triggered by Tau pathology and/or aging, and further differentiate between disease amplifying and protective changes. Conclusions Our results comprise a powerful, cross-species functional genomics resource for tauopathy, revealing Tau-mediated disruption of gene expression, including dynamic, age-dependent interactions between the brain transcriptome and proteome.

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Genomewide Expression Profile Analysis of the Candida glabrata Pdr1 Regulon

Eukaryotic Cell ◽

10.1128/ec.00073-10 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 373-383 ◽

Cited By ~ 48

Author(s):

Kelly E. Caudle ◽

Katherine S. Barker ◽

Nathan P. Wiederhold ◽

Lijing Xu ◽

Ramin Homayouni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Expression ◽

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Candida Glabrata ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Resistant Isolate ◽

Content Type ◽

Activating Mutations ◽

Zinc Cluster

ABSTRACTThe ABC transportersCandida glabrataCdr1 (CgCdr1), CgPdh1, and CgSnq2 are known to mediate azole resistance in the pathogenic fungusC. glabrata. Activating mutations inCgPDR1, a zinc cluster transcription factor, result in constitutive upregulation of these ABC transporter genes but to various degrees. We examined the genomewide gene expression profiles of two matched azole-susceptible and -resistantC. glabrataclinical isolate pairs. Of the differentially expressed genes identified in the gene expression profiles for these two matched pairs, there were 28 genes commonly upregulated withCgCDR1in both isolate sets includingYOR1,LCB5,RTA1,POG1,HFD1, and several members of theFLOgene family of flocculation genes. We then sequencedCgPDR1from each susceptible and resistant isolate and found two novel activating mutations that conferred increased resistance when they were expressed in a common background strain in whichCgPDR1had been disrupted. Microarray analysis comparing these reengineered strains to their respective parent strains identified a set of commonly differentially expressed genes, includingCgCDR1,YOR1, andYIM1, as well as genes uniquely regulated by specific mutations. Our results demonstrate that while CgPdr1 activates a broad repertoire of genes, specific activating mutations result in the activation of discrete subsets of this repertoire.

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PSXIII-30 Analysis of gene expression profiles in liver and muscle tissue of pigs divergent in feed efficiency

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.1093/jas/skz258.933 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽

pp. 475-475

Author(s):

Stafford Vigors ◽

Torres Sweeney

Keyword(s):

Energy Metabolism ◽

Immune Function ◽

Feed Efficiency ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Protein Targeting ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Cell Signalling ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Joint Analysis

Abstract The improvement of feed efficiency is a key economic goal within the pig production industry. The objective of this study was to examine transcriptomic differences in both the liver and muscle in pigs divergent for feed efficiency, thus improving our understanding of the molecular mechanisms influencing feed efficiency and enabling the identification of candidate biomarkers. Residual feed intake (RFI) was calculated in two populations of pigs from two different farms of origin. The 6 most efficient (LRFI) and 6 least efficient (HRFI) animals in each population were selected for further analysis of Longissimus Dorsi muscle and liver. Three different analysis were performed: 1) Identification of differentially expressed genes (DE) in liver, 2) Identification of DE genes in muscle and 3) Identification of genes commonly DE in both tissues. Hierarchical clustering revealed that transcriptomic data segregated based on the RFI value of the pig rather than farm of origin. A total of 6464 genes were identified as being differentially expressed (DE) in muscle, while 964 genes were identified as being DE in liver. In the muscle-only analysis, genes associated with RNA, protein synthesis and energy metabolism were downregulated in the LRFI animals while in the liver-only analysis, genes associated with cell signalling and lipid homeostasis were upregulated in the LRFI animals. Genes that were commonly DE between muscle and liver (n = 526) were used for the joint analysis. These 526 genes were associated with protein targeting to membrane, extracellular matrix organization and immune function. There are pathways common to both muscle and liver in particular genes associated with immune function. In contrast, tissue-specific pathways contributing to differences in feed efficiency were also identified with genes associated with energy metabolism identified in muscle and lipid metabolism in liver. This study identifies key mechanisms driving changes in feed efficiency in pigs.

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Transcriptome profiling of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) gynophores in gravitropic response

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/fp13075 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 40 (12) ◽

pp. 1249 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Hai-fen Li ◽

Xiao-Ping Chen ◽

Fang-he Zhu ◽

Hai-Yan Liu ◽

Yan-Bin Hong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Differentially Expressed Genes ◽

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Carbon Fixation ◽

Expression Profiles ◽

Gene Expression Profiles ◽

Pentose Phosphate ◽

Differentially Expressed ◽

Pcr Analysis

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) produces flowers aerially, but the fruit develops underground. This process is mediated by the gynophore, which always grows vertically downwards. The genetic basis underlying gravitropic bending of gynophores is not well understood. To identify genes related to gynophore gravitropism, gene expression profiles of gynophores cultured in vitro with tip pointing upward (gravitropic stimulation sample) and downward (control) at both 6 and 12 h were compared through a high-density peanut microarray. After gravitropic stimulation, there were 174 differentially expressed genes, including 91 upregulated and 83 downregulated genes at 6 h, and 491 differentially expressed genes including 129 upregulated and 362 downregulated genes at 12 h. The differentially expressed genes identified were assigned to 24 functional categories. Twenty pathways including carbon fixation, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, starch and sucrose metabolism were identified. The quantitative real-time PCR analysis was performed for validation of microarray results. Our study paves the way to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the peanut gynophore gravitropism.

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