scholarly journals First isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from domestic animals in Tunisia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arwa Lachkhem ◽  
Lokman Galal ◽  
Ibtissem Lahmar ◽  
Karine Passebosc ◽  
Homayoun Riahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Strain Isolation ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe isolation and molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii strains provide an essential basis for a better understanding of the parasite’s genetic diversity, determinants of its geographical distribution and associated risks to human health. In this study, we isolated and genetically characterized T. gondii strains from domestic animals in Southern and coastal area of Tunisia. Blood, hearts and/or brains were collected from 766 domestic animals (630 sheep and 136 free-range chickens). Strain isolation from these samples was performed using mouse bioassay and genotyping was carried out with a multiplex PCR technique using 15 microsatellite markers. Thirty viable strains of T. gondii were successfully isolated from tissues of sheep (19/142) and chickens (11/33). In addition, 3 strains could be successfully genotyped from animal tissues for which mouse bioassay was unsuccessful. A large predominance of type II strains (n = 29) was found in the sampled regions, followed by type III (n = 3) and, for the first time in Tunisia, a single isolate of Africa 4 lineage from a sheep. Analyses of population genetics showed the presence of a divergent population of type II lineage in Tunisia, supporting limited recent migrations of strains between Tunisia and other countries of the world.

scholarly journals First Isolation and Genotyping of Toxoplasma Gondii Strains From Domestic Animals in Tunisia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arwa Lachkhem ◽  
Lokman Galal ◽  
Ibtissem Lahmar ◽  
Karine Passebosc ◽  
Homayoun Riahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Human Health Risks ◽  
Strain Isolation ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Microsatellite Alleles ◽  
First Time

Abstract The isolation and molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii strains provides an essential basis for a better understanding of the distribution of genetic diversity and associated human health risks. In this context, we report, the molecular characterization of strains of T. gondii isolated from domestic animals infected with T. gondii in Southern and coastal area of Tunisia. This diversity is compared to that known for the Western European and Mediterranean sub-region.Blood, hearts and/or brains were collected from 766 domestic animals (630 sheep and 136 free-range chickens). Strain isolation from these samples were performed using mouse bioassay. The strains genotyping was carried out with a multiplex PCR technique using 15 microsatellite markers. Viable strains of T. gondii were isolated from 13.4% sheep and 33.3% chickens. Furthermore, the parasite was also detected in three DNA extracts from animal tissue digestates.This study showed a large predominance of type II strains (87.9%) from which two samples were type II variants for W35 locus. The other genotypes were three type III sheep isolates (9.1%) and, for the first time in Tunisia, an isolate of sheep origin of the Africa 4 genotype (3.0%). The comparison of microsatellite alleles of type II strains shows the recent migration of strains between Tunisia and other countries of the world.

scholarly journals Isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from pregnant dairy cows (Bos taurus) slaughtered

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madlaine Frigo Silveira Barbosa de Macedo ◽  
César Augusto Barbosa de Macedo ◽  
Maria Paula de Carvalho Ewald ◽  
Guilherme Felippelli Martins ◽  
Dauton Luiz Zulpo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Rflp Markers ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Pcr Rflp

The current study aimed to evaluate serology, and isolate and genotype Toxoplasma gondii strains from pregnant dairy cows, slaughtered in an abattoir for human consumption, and their fetuses. Blood from 60 pregnant dairy cows and blood and tissue samples (brain, lung, heart, and liver) from their fetuses were collected and analyzed in a mouse bioassay. Antibodies against T. gondii were observed in 48.3% of cows and 3.7% of fetuses (IFAT, titers ≥ 50 for cows and 25 for fetuses were considered positive). Fourteen fetuses (23.3%) and six cows (10.0%) were identified as positive in the bioassay. T. gondii was isolated from a blood sample of a cow older than 4 years old in the 6th month of pregnancy, and from a blood sample of a fetus in the 6th month of gestation. These isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as being of T. gondii and both strains showed type II alleles for all PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) markers tested. T. gondii type II strain from cattle was isolated for the first time in Brazil. The current study also showed that transplacental transmission of T. gondii naturally occurs in dairy cows (23.3%) from Southern Brazil.

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are a reservoir of a diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains in the USA and pose a risk to consumers of undercooked venison

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (7) ◽  
pp. 775-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Dubey ◽  
C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar ◽  
F. H. A. Murata ◽  
S. K. Verma ◽  
O. C. H. Kwok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Modified Agglutination Test ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Genotype 5

AbstractTo assess the role of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus, WTD) in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis, we conducted a national survey of WTD across the USA for Toxoplasma gondii infection. To do this, we combined serology with parasite isolation to evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of T. gondii in this game species. From October 2012 to March 2019, serum and tissues were collected from 914 WTD across the USA. Serum samples were screened for antibodies to T. gondii, and then the tissues of seropositive WTD were bioassayed in mice. Antibodies were detected in 329 (36%) of 914 WTD tested by the modified agglutination test (positive reaction at 1:25 or higher). Viable T. gondii was isolated from the heart of 36 WTD from 11 states. Three of the 36 isolates were pathogenic but not highly virulent to outbred Swiss Webster mice and all 36 isolates could be propagated further in cell culture and were genotyped. For genotyping, DNA extracted from cell culture-derived tachyzoites was characterized by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using the genetic markers SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico. Genotyping revealed seven ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotypes, including 24 isolates for genotype #5 (haplogroup 12), four isolates for #2 (type III, haplogroup 3), three isolates for genotypes #1 (type II, haplogroup 2), two isolates for genotypes #3 (type II, haplogroup 2) and one isolate each for #39, #221 and #224. Genotype #5 was the most frequently isolated, accounting for 66.6% (24 of 36) of the isolates. Combining the 36 isolates from this study with previously reported 69 isolates from WTD, 15 genotypes have been identified. Among these, 50.4% (53/105) isolates belong to genotype #5. Our results indicate moderate genetic diversity of T. gondii in WTD. The results also indicate that undercooked venison should not be consumed by humans or fed to cats.

scholarly journals Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates from naturally infected Gallus domesticus in Santa Catarina state, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Trevisani ◽  
L.D. Barros ◽  
A. Vieira-Neto ◽  
A.A. Sartor ◽  
A.P. Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Immunofluorescence Assay ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Type I ◽  
Santa Catarina ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Clonal Population Structure ◽  
Santa Catarina State

ABSTRACT Toxoplasmosis is a widespread zoonosis that can infect warm-blooded animals including birds and humans, and chickens are considered to be indicators of environmental contamination. In Brazil, Toxoplasma gondii has a non-clonal population structure composed of three lineages (I, II, and III), presenting high recombination, and resulting in wide genetic diversity. This study aimed to genetically characterize T. gondii isolates from naturally infected chickens (Gallus domesticus) in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil region. Sera from 133 free-range chickens were analyzed by an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) to detect IgG antibodies against T. gondii. Brain and heart from 30 positive animals, based on IFA (≥ 1:64), were used to isolate the parasite using a mouse bioassay. Strain genotyping was performed by PCR-RFLP using 12 genetic markers (SAG1, 5´-3´SAG2, alt. SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico, and CS3). The results were classified according to the genotypes based on the ToxoDB (http://toxodb.org/toxo/). Of 133 chicken sera analyzed, 84 (63.16%) were positive, with antibody titers ranging from 16 to 1024. Eleven isolates were obtained from mouse bioassay (Ck3, Ck32, Ck35, Ck56, Ck63, Ck89, Ck102, Ck103, Ck125, Ck127, and Ck128). Genotyping revealed six genotypes; three were classified as #26, #53, and #120, and three (NEO1, NEO2, and NEO3) were had not been previously described. No clonal lineages of type I, II, or III were identified. The present study confirms the high genetic diversity of T. gondii in Brazil.

scholarly journals Ecotopic infection of cattle with Fasciola gigantica: parasitological and pathological studies

1999 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-123
Author(s):  
R. Y. AL-Kubaisee ◽  
M. J. Alwan ◽  
B. AL- Kaisee
Keyword(s):  
Portal Vein ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Fasciola Gigantica ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time ◽  
Pathogenic Effects

Out of 1250 bovine fasciolliasis. 10 cattle were found to have lung fascioliasis, one cow had abomasal fascioliasis and another one wih renal fascioliasis.  The recovered flukes were identified as immature spec imens of Fassciola gigantica .Gross and histopathology of the lesions were studied. The occurrence of Fasciola gigantica in kideny and abomasum was recorded for the first time :  Introduction Infection with Fasciola gigantica is an important cause of disease and economic loss in domestic animals in many parts of the world. Among the effects attributed 10 flucke infection are loss of condition , reduced meat and milk production reduced fertility and rendering of livers unsuitable for human consumpiior. . Severe infection may cause death either directly or indirecily by inzitiating or aggravating bacterial infection (1). One of the reasons making F.gigantica more pathogenic ihan F.hepatica is frequent ecotopic occurence of F.gigantica in most of the domestic animal species (1,2,3). Ectopic ovine F.gigantica infection was reported in spleen, lung, heart, diphragm and portal vein, in additional the liver (4,5). In cattle F.hepatica_ could only produce lesions in the liver but F.gigantica extended its pathogenic effects to the lung tissue (3,6).  The aim of this study is to elucidate the occurence of F.gigantica in organs other than the liver with parasitological and pathological investigation. 

scholarly journals Cat-rodent Toxoplasma gondii Type II-variant circulation and limited genetic diversity on the Island of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Carlos Ramos Silva ◽  
Fernando Ferreira ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Dias ◽  
Daniel Ajzenberg ◽  
Maria Fernanda Vianna Marvulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fernando De Noronha ◽  
Limited Genetic Diversity

scholarly journals Toxoplasma gondii Genotypes Circulating in Serbia—Insight into the Population Structure and Diversity of the Species in Southeastern Europe, a Region of Intercontinental Strain Exchange

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 2526
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Uzelac ◽  
Ivana Klun ◽  
Vladimir Ćirković ◽  
Neda Bauman ◽  
Branko Bobić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
South American ◽  
Neighbor Joining ◽  
Southeastern Europe ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Human Sample ◽  
Insight Into

In Europe, Toxoplasma gondii lineage II is dominant, and ToxoDB#1 the most frequently occurring genotype. The abundance of lineage III genotypes varies geographically and lineage I are rare, yet present in several regions of the continent. Data on the T. gondii population structure in southeastern Europe (SEE) are scarce, yet necessary to appreciate the diversity of the species in Europe. To help fill this gap, we genotyped 67 strains from nine species of intermediate hosts in Serbia by MnPCR-RFLP, determined the population structure, and identified the genotypes using ToxoDB. A neighbor-joining tree was also constructed from the isolates genotyped on nine loci. While 42% of the total genotype population consisted of ToxoDB#1 and ToxoDB#2, variant genotypes of both lineages comprised 46% of the population in wildlife and 28% in domestic animals and humans. One genotype of Africa 4 lineage was detected in a human sample. Interestingly, the findings include one lineage III variant and one II/III recombinant isolate with intercontinental distribution, which appear to be moderately related to South American genotypes. Based on these findings, SEE is a region of underappreciated T. gondii genetic diversity and possible strain exchange between Europe and Africa.

scholarly journals Human toxoplasmosis: a systematic review for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in clinical samples

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Hosseini ◽  
A. Amouei ◽  
M. Sharif ◽  
Sh. Sarvi ◽  
L. Galal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

AbstractToxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) as an obligate intracellular protozoan with a worldwide distribution can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals and humans. This study aims to provide a summary of the available data on genotypes of T. gondii in human. Five databases including MEDLINE in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for the T. gondii genotyping in human during 1995–August 2017. Next, we screened all the articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, 26 studies were eligible regarding genotyping T. gondii in human samples. In clonal genotyping, 167 out of 286 cases (58%) were infected with type II. Genetic characterisation of T. gondii isolates displayed that type II was the most predominant genotype in human with the prevalence of 64.3%, 62.1% and 41.7% in patients with AIDS, congenital and ocular toxoplasmosis, respectively. In ToxoDB genotyping, most individuals were infected with genotypes #9 and #65 (21.2%). Based on these results, genotype profile of T. gondii isolates is different throughout the world. The strains in Asian and African countries are characterised by low genetic diversity, while in North and South America a wide diversity of this parasite is found. In countries without any data (e.g. Australia, Western and Southern Africa and Western Asia), identification of T. gondii genotypes might discover higher genetic diversity.

EVALUATION OF BIODIVERSITY IN RUSSIAN LOCAL GOAT BREEDS BASED ON WHOLE-GENOME SNP ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
pp. 434-436
Author(s):  
A. Dotsev ◽  
V. Volkova ◽  
M. Selionava ◽  
M. Fornara ◽  
H. Reyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Pool ◽  
Snp Analysis ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Effective Population ◽  
Biodiversity Indicators ◽  
Snp Data ◽  
The World ◽  
Population Sizes ◽  
First Time

The genetic diversity of Russian local goats was estimated for the first time based on whole-genome SNP data. The tendencies of decrease in the effective population sizes were revealed, but the calculated biodiversity indicators are not inferior to the values obtained for the world goat breeds. The results indicate that there are still possibilities to preserve the valuable gene pool of local breeds.

scholarly journals In vivo and in vitro models show unexpected degrees of virulence among Toxoplasma gondii type II and III isolates from sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Fernández-Escobar ◽  
Rafael Calero-Bernal ◽  
Javier Regidor-Cerrillo ◽  
Raquel Vallejo ◽  
Julio Benavides ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
High Genetic Diversity

AbstractToxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic agent with high genetic diversity, complex epidemiology, and variable clinical outcomes in animals and humans. In veterinary medicine, this apicomplexan parasite is considered one of the main infectious agents responsible for reproductive failure in small ruminants worldwide. The aim of this study was to phenotypically characterize 10 Spanish T. gondii isolates recently obtained from sheep in a normalized mouse model and in an ovine trophoblast cell line (AH-1) as infection target cells. The panel of isolates met selection criteria regarding such parameters as genetic diversity [types II (ToxoDB #1 and #3) and III (#2)], geographical location, and sample of origin (aborted foetal brain tissues or adult sheep myocardium). Evaluations of in vivo mortality, morbidity, parasite burden and histopathology were performed. Important variations between isolates were observed, although all isolates were classified as “nonvirulent” (< 30% cumulative mortality). The isolates TgShSp16 (#3) and TgShSp24 (#2) presented higher degrees of virulence. Significant differences were found in terms of in vitro invasion rates and tachyzoite yield at 72 h post-inoculation (hpi) between TgShSp1 and TgShSp24 isolates, which exhibited the lowest and highest rates, respectively. The study of the CS3, ROP18 and ROP5 loci allelic profiles revealed only type III alleles in ToxoDB #2 isolates and type II alleles in the #1 and #3 isolates included. We concluded that there are relevant intra- and inter-genotype virulence differences in Spanish T. gondii isolates, which could not be inferred by genetic characterization using currently described molecular markers.

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