scholarly journals Human toxoplasmosis: a systematic review for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in clinical samples

2018 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Hosseini ◽  
A. Amouei ◽  
M. Sharif ◽  
Sh. Sarvi ◽  
L. Galal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

AbstractToxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) as an obligate intracellular protozoan with a worldwide distribution can infect virtually all warm-blooded animals and humans. This study aims to provide a summary of the available data on genotypes of T. gondii in human. Five databases including MEDLINE in PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched for the T. gondii genotyping in human during 1995–August 2017. Next, we screened all the articles based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Overall, 26 studies were eligible regarding genotyping T. gondii in human samples. In clonal genotyping, 167 out of 286 cases (58%) were infected with type II. Genetic characterisation of T. gondii isolates displayed that type II was the most predominant genotype in human with the prevalence of 64.3%, 62.1% and 41.7% in patients with AIDS, congenital and ocular toxoplasmosis, respectively. In ToxoDB genotyping, most individuals were infected with genotypes #9 and #65 (21.2%). Based on these results, genotype profile of T. gondii isolates is different throughout the world. The strains in Asian and African countries are characterised by low genetic diversity, while in North and South America a wide diversity of this parasite is found. In countries without any data (e.g. Australia, Western and Southern Africa and Western Asia), identification of T. gondii genotypes might discover higher genetic diversity.

scholarly journals Isolation and genetic characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in Spanish sheep flocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Fernández-Escobar ◽  
Rafael Calero-Bernal ◽  
Julio Benavides ◽  
Javier Regidor-Cerrillo ◽  
María Cristina Guerrero-Molina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Clinical Sample ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Clonal Type ◽  
Spanish Regions ◽  
Zoonotic Risk

Abstract Background Toxoplasma gondii is a major cause of abortion in small ruminants and presents a zoonotic risk when undercooked meat containing cysts is consumed. The aim of the present study was to investigate the genetic diversity among the T. gondii strains circulating in ovine livestock in Spain. Methods Selected samples collected from abortion outbreaks due to toxoplasmosis (n = 31) and from chronically infected adult sheep at slaughterhouses (n = 50) in different Spanish regions were bioassayed in mice, aiming at parasite isolation. In addition, all original clinical samples and the resulting isolates were genotyped by multi-nested PCR-RFLP analysis of 11 molecular markers and by PCR-DNA sequencing of portions of the SAG3, GRA6 and GRA7 genes. Results As a result, 30 isolates were obtained from 9 Spanish regions: 10 isolates from abortion-derived samples and 20 isolates from adult myocardial tissues. Overall, 3 genotypes were found: ToxoDB#3 (type II PRU variant) in 90% (27/30) of isolates, ToxoDB#2 (clonal type III) in 6.7% (2/30), and ToxoDB#1 (clonal type II) in 3.3% (1/30). When T. gondii-positive tissue samples (n = 151) were directly subjected to RFLP genotyping, complete restriction profiles were obtained for 33% of samples, and up to 98% of the specimens belonged to the type II PRU variant. A foetal brain showed a clonal type II pattern, and four specimens showed unexpected type I alleles at the SAG3 marker, including two foetal brains that showed I + II alleles as co-infection events. Amplicons of SAG3, GRA6 and GRA7 obtained from isolates and clinical samples were subjected to sequencing, allowing us to confirm RFLP results and to detect different single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Conclusions The present study informed the existence of a predominant type II PRU variant genotype (ToxoDB#3) infecting domestic sheep in Spain, in both abortion cases and chronic infections in adults, coexisting with other clonal (ToxoDB#1 and ToxoDB#2), much less frequent genotypes, as well as polymorphic strains as revealed by clinical sample genotyping. The use of multilocus sequence typing aided in accurately estimating T. gondii intragenotype diversity.

An annotated type catalogue of the camel spiders (Arachnida: Solifugae) held in the Zoological Museum Hamburg

Zootaxa ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4375 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
DANILO HARMS ◽  
NADINE DUPÉRRÉ
Keyword(s):  
Zoological Museum ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Type Specimens ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Western Asia ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
History Of ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South

Solifuges are an enigmatic and poorly studied group of arachnids. Commonly referred to as camel spiders or sun spiders, these animals are voracious predators of small animals and found in arid biomes of the Old World and the Americas. In this paper, we provide a catalogue for the solifuges (Arachnida: Solifugae) that are held at the Center of Natural History in Hamburg. The collections in Hamburg are predominantly historical and were accumulated by Karl Kraepelin between 1889 and 1914 with the help of other famous arachnologists such as Ferdinant Karsch and Eugène Simon. The re-study of these collections indicates that there are 38 type species and 65 type specimens from 10 families. We provide a detailed account of this material, including collection data, taxonomic updates, measurements and high-resolution images for species that are either poorly or not at all illustrated. Most specimens (70%) were collected in Africa as part of colonial expeditions or field surveys but there are also types from Western Asia (11%), and North and South America (19%). We provide an overview of the history of this collection, including a summary of the field surveys during which the specimens were collected and the arachnologists who described the material. Overall, this is the third-largest collection of solifuges in Germany with a distinct biogeographical focus and one of the largest collections of camel spiders in Europe. 

Toxoplasmosis

2010 ◽  
pp. 1090-1097
Author(s):  
Oliver Liesenfeld ◽  
Eskild Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Undercooked Meat

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with worldwide distribution that infects up to one-third of the world’s population. Human infection is acquired through ingestion in water or food of oocysts shed by cats, or by ingestion of bradyzoites released from cysts contained in uncooked or undercooked meat (e.g. sheep, swine, cattle). Following invasion in the intestine, tachyzoites rapidly disseminate throughout the host. Immune mechanisms mediate the formation of cysts, primarily in the brain, eye, and skeletal and heart muscles, where they persist for the life of the host. Presence of infection may be established by direct detection of the parasite in clinical samples (often by polymerase chain reaction, PCR) or by serological techniques....

Toxoplasmosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 1416-1424
Author(s):  
Oliver Liesenfeld ◽  
Eskild Petersen
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Undercooked Meat

Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite with worldwide distribution that infects up to one-third of the world’s population. Human infection is acquired through ingestion in water or food of oocysts shed by cats, or by ingestion of bradyzoites released from cysts contained in uncooked or undercooked meat (e.g. sheep, swine, cattle). Following invasion in the intestine, tachyzoites rapidly disseminate throughout the host. Immune mechanisms mediate the formation of cysts, primarily in the brain, eye, and skeletal and heart muscles, where they persist for the life of the host. Presence of infection can be established by direct detection of the parasite in clinical samples (often by polymerase chain reaction) or by serological techniques.

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are a reservoir of a diversity of Toxoplasma gondii strains in the USA and pose a risk to consumers of undercooked venison

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (7) ◽  
pp. 775-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Dubey ◽  
C. K. Cerqueira-Cézar ◽  
F. H. A. Murata ◽  
S. K. Verma ◽  
O. C. H. Kwok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cell Culture ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Odocoileus Virginianus ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Modified Agglutination Test ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Genotype 5

AbstractTo assess the role of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus, WTD) in the epidemiology of toxoplasmosis, we conducted a national survey of WTD across the USA for Toxoplasma gondii infection. To do this, we combined serology with parasite isolation to evaluate the prevalence and genetic diversity of T. gondii in this game species. From October 2012 to March 2019, serum and tissues were collected from 914 WTD across the USA. Serum samples were screened for antibodies to T. gondii, and then the tissues of seropositive WTD were bioassayed in mice. Antibodies were detected in 329 (36%) of 914 WTD tested by the modified agglutination test (positive reaction at 1:25 or higher). Viable T. gondii was isolated from the heart of 36 WTD from 11 states. Three of the 36 isolates were pathogenic but not highly virulent to outbred Swiss Webster mice and all 36 isolates could be propagated further in cell culture and were genotyped. For genotyping, DNA extracted from cell culture-derived tachyzoites was characterized by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) using the genetic markers SAG1, SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico. Genotyping revealed seven ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotypes, including 24 isolates for genotype #5 (haplogroup 12), four isolates for #2 (type III, haplogroup 3), three isolates for genotypes #1 (type II, haplogroup 2), two isolates for genotypes #3 (type II, haplogroup 2) and one isolate each for #39, #221 and #224. Genotype #5 was the most frequently isolated, accounting for 66.6% (24 of 36) of the isolates. Combining the 36 isolates from this study with previously reported 69 isolates from WTD, 15 genotypes have been identified. Among these, 50.4% (53/105) isolates belong to genotype #5. Our results indicate moderate genetic diversity of T. gondii in WTD. The results also indicate that undercooked venison should not be consumed by humans or fed to cats.

scholarly journals First isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii strains from domestic animals in Tunisia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arwa Lachkhem ◽  
Lokman Galal ◽  
Ibtissem Lahmar ◽  
Karine Passebosc ◽  
Homayoun Riahi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Animal Tissues ◽  
Strain Isolation ◽  
The World ◽  
First Time

AbstractThe isolation and molecular typing of Toxoplasma gondii strains provide an essential basis for a better understanding of the parasite’s genetic diversity, determinants of its geographical distribution and associated risks to human health. In this study, we isolated and genetically characterized T. gondii strains from domestic animals in Southern and coastal area of Tunisia. Blood, hearts and/or brains were collected from 766 domestic animals (630 sheep and 136 free-range chickens). Strain isolation from these samples was performed using mouse bioassay and genotyping was carried out with a multiplex PCR technique using 15 microsatellite markers. Thirty viable strains of T. gondii were successfully isolated from tissues of sheep (19/142) and chickens (11/33). In addition, 3 strains could be successfully genotyped from animal tissues for which mouse bioassay was unsuccessful. A large predominance of type II strains (n = 29) was found in the sampled regions, followed by type III (n = 3) and, for the first time in Tunisia, a single isolate of Africa 4 lineage from a sheep. Analyses of population genetics showed the presence of a divergent population of type II lineage in Tunisia, supporting limited recent migrations of strains between Tunisia and other countries of the world.

scholarly journals Global Diversity and Updated Phylogeny of Auricularia (Auriculariales, Basidiomycota)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (11) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
Fang Wu ◽  
Ablat Tohtirjap ◽  
Long-Fei Fan ◽  
Li-Wei Zhou ◽  
Renato L. M. Alvarenga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Ecological Traits ◽  
Phylogenetic Relations ◽  
Worldwide Distribution ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
North And South America ◽  
North And South ◽  
Molecular Characters

Auricularia has a worldwide distribution and is very important due to its edibility and medicinal properties. Morphological examinations and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses of 277 samples from 35 countries in Asia, Europe, North and South America, Africa, and Oceania were carried out. Phylogenetic analyses were based on ITS, nLSU, rpb1, and rpb2 sequences using methods of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses. According to the morphological and/or molecular characters, 37 Auricularia species were identified. Ten new species, A. camposii and A. novozealandica in the A. cornea complex, A. australiana, A. conferta, A. lateralis, A. pilosa and A. sinodelicata in the A. delicata complex, A. africana, A. srilankensis, and A. submesenterica in the A. mesenterica complex, are described. The two known species A. pusio and A. tremellosa, respectively belonging to the A. mesenterica complex and the A. delicata complex, are redefined, while A. angiospermarum, belonging to the A. auricula-judae complex, is validated. The morphological characters, photos, ecological traits, hosts and geographical distributions of those 37 species are outlined and discussed. Morphological differences and phylogenetic relations of species in five Auricularia morphological complexes (the A. auricula-judae, the A. cornea, the A. delicata, the A. fuscosuccinea and the A. mesenterica complexes) are elaborated. Synopsis data on comparisons of species in the five complexes are provided. An identification key for the accepted 37 species is proposed.

scholarly journals Is genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum suggestive of malaria endemic zone in West Africa? An attempt to respond by a cross-sectional comparative study between Senegal and Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Aigbiremo Oboh ◽  
Tolla Ndiaye ◽  
Khadim Diongue ◽  
Yaye D Ndiaye ◽  
Mouhamad Sy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Allelic Polymorphism ◽  
African Countries ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
Infection Types

Background: Characterization of malaria parasite populations in different endemic settings (from low to high) could be helpful for ascertaining the progress of malaria interventions in endemic settings. The present study aims to compare Plasmodium falciparum parasite population structure between two West African countries with very different level of endemicity using P. falciparum allelic polymorphic markers: msp1 and msp2. Methods: Parasite genomic DNA was extracted from 187 dried blood spot collected from confirmed uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria infected patients in Senegal (94) being at the pre-elimination stage in most part of the country and Nigeria (93) which is still at the control stage. Allelic polymorphism of msp1 and msp2 genes were assessed by nested PCR. Results: In Senegal as well as in Nigeria, K1 and IC3D7 allelic families were the most represented for msp1 and msp2 genes respectively. A higher multiplicity of infection (MOI) was found in both study sites in Senegal (Thies:1.51/2.53; Kedougou:2.2/2.0 for msp 1/2) than from sites in Nigeria (Gbagada: 1.39/1.96; Oredo: 1.35/1.75]). The heterozygosity of msp 1 gene was higher in P. falciparum isolates from Senegal (Thies: 0.62; Kedougou: 0.53) than isolates from Nigeria (Gbagada: 0.55; Oredo: 0.50). In Senegal, K1 alleles were associated with heavy (28) than with moderate (18) infections, in Nigeria however, equal proportions of K1 were observed in both infection types. The IC3D7 subtype allele of the msp 2 family showed high occurrence in heavily infected individuals from both countries (Senegal- 32; Nigeria- 26) than in the moderately infected participants. Conclusion: With the unusual high genetic diversity obtained in low endemic setting in Senegal and low genetic diversity in a high endemic Nigerian setting, multiple holistic approach should be employed in evaluating the actual transmission of a place in order to effectively direct control measures.

scholarly journals Cat-rodent Toxoplasma gondii Type II-variant circulation and limited genetic diversity on the Island of Fernando de Noronha, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Carlos Ramos Silva ◽  
Fernando Ferreira ◽  
Ricardo Augusto Dias ◽  
Daniel Ajzenberg ◽  
Maria Fernanda Vianna Marvulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Fernando De Noronha ◽  
Limited Genetic Diversity

scholarly journals In vivo and in vitro models show unexpected degrees of virulence among Toxoplasma gondii type II and III isolates from sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mercedes Fernández-Escobar ◽  
Rafael Calero-Bernal ◽  
Javier Regidor-Cerrillo ◽  
Raquel Vallejo ◽  
Julio Benavides ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Parasite Burden ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
High Genetic Diversity

AbstractToxoplasma gondii is an important zoonotic agent with high genetic diversity, complex epidemiology, and variable clinical outcomes in animals and humans. In veterinary medicine, this apicomplexan parasite is considered one of the main infectious agents responsible for reproductive failure in small ruminants worldwide. The aim of this study was to phenotypically characterize 10 Spanish T. gondii isolates recently obtained from sheep in a normalized mouse model and in an ovine trophoblast cell line (AH-1) as infection target cells. The panel of isolates met selection criteria regarding such parameters as genetic diversity [types II (ToxoDB #1 and #3) and III (#2)], geographical location, and sample of origin (aborted foetal brain tissues or adult sheep myocardium). Evaluations of in vivo mortality, morbidity, parasite burden and histopathology were performed. Important variations between isolates were observed, although all isolates were classified as “nonvirulent” (< 30% cumulative mortality). The isolates TgShSp16 (#3) and TgShSp24 (#2) presented higher degrees of virulence. Significant differences were found in terms of in vitro invasion rates and tachyzoite yield at 72 h post-inoculation (hpi) between TgShSp1 and TgShSp24 isolates, which exhibited the lowest and highest rates, respectively. The study of the CS3, ROP18 and ROP5 loci allelic profiles revealed only type III alleles in ToxoDB #2 isolates and type II alleles in the #1 and #3 isolates included. We concluded that there are relevant intra- and inter-genotype virulence differences in Spanish T. gondii isolates, which could not be inferred by genetic characterization using currently described molecular markers.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document