scholarly journals Experimental estimation of the longitudinal component of a highly focused electromagnetic field

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Maluenda ◽  
Marcos Aviñoá ◽  
Kavan Ahmadi ◽  
Rosario Martínez-Herrero ◽  
Artur Carnicer
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Optical Axis ◽  
Transverse Field ◽  
Longitudinal Component ◽  
Stokes Parameters ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Recovery Algorithm ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

AbstractThe detection of the longitudinal component of a highly focused electromagnetic beam is not a simple task. Although in recent years several methods have been reported in the literature, this measure is still not routinely performed. This paper describes a method that allows us to estimate and visualize the longitudinal component of the field in a relatively simple way. First, we measure the transverse components of the focused field in several planes normal to the optical axis. Then, we determine the complex amplitude of the two transverse field components: the phase is obtained using a phase recovery algorithm, while the phase difference between the two components is determined from the Stokes parameters. Finally, the longitudinal component is estimated using the Gauss’s theorem. Experimental results show an excellent agreement with theoretical predictions.

scholarly journals Experimental Estimation of the Longitudinal Component of a Highly Focused Electromagnetic Field

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Maluenda ◽  
Marcos Aviñoá ◽  
Kavan Ahmadi ◽  
Rosario Martínez-Herrero ◽  
Artur Carnicer
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Optical Axis ◽  
Transverse Field ◽  
Longitudinal Component ◽  
Stokes Parameters ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Recovery Algorithm ◽  
Theoretical Predictions

Abstract The detection of the longitudinal component of a highly focused electromagnetic beam is not a simple task. Although in recent years several methods have been reported in the literature, this measure is still not routinely performed. This paper describes a method that allows us to estimate and visualize the longitudinal component of the field in a relatively simple way. First, we measure the transverse components of the focused field in several planes normal to the optical axis. Then, we determine the complex amplitude of the two transverse field components: the phase is obtained using a phase recovery algorithm, while the phase difference between the two components is determined from the Stokes parameters. Finally, the longitudinal component is estimated using the Gauss’s theorem. Experimental results show an excellent agreement with theoretical predictions.

scholarly journals Heterodyne Standing-Wave Interferometer with Improved Phase Stability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ingo Ortlepp ◽  
Jens-Peter Zöllner ◽  
Ivo W. Rangelow ◽  
Eberhard Manske
Keyword(s):  
Laser Beam ◽  
Frequency Shift ◽  
Standing Wave ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Phase Stability ◽  
Constant Velocity ◽  
Optical Axis ◽  
Fixed Position ◽  
Length Measurements ◽  
Laser Sources

AbstractThis paper describes a standing-wave interferometer with two laser sources of different wavelengths, diametrically opposed and emitting towards each other. The resulting standing wave has an intensity profile which is moving with a constant velocity, and is directly detected inside the laser beam by two thin and transparent photo sensors. The first sensor is at a fixed position, serving as a phase reference for the second one which is moved along the optical axis, resulting in a frequency shift, proportional to the velocity. The phase difference between both sensors is evaluated for the purpose of interferometric length measurements.

ON OPTIMUM PUPIL FIELDS WITH MAXIMUM ELECTRIC FIELD COMPONENT IN FOCUS

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (01) ◽  
pp. 189-201
Author(s):  
H. P. URBACH ◽  
S. F. PEREIRA ◽  
D. J. BROER
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Field Component ◽  
Optical Axis ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Longitudinal Component ◽  
Electric Field Component ◽  
Incident Power ◽  
Entrance Pupil ◽  
Maximum Electric Field ◽  
High Na Lens

The field in the entrance pupil of a high NA lens can be optimized such that, for given incident power, the electric field component in a given direction in the focal point is maximum. If the field component is chosen parallel to the optical axis, the longitudinal component is maximized and it is found that the optimum longitudinal component is narrower than the Airy spot. We discuss how this can be used to obtain higher resolution in photolithography when a resist is used that is sensitive to only the longitudinal component. We describe a proposition for realizing such resist.

scholarly journals Modelling of the Magnetic Configuration of CP Stars from Polarimetric Observations

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 679-681
Author(s):  
M. Landolfi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Stokes Parameter ◽  
Quadratic Field ◽  
Mean Field ◽  
Longitudinal Component ◽  
Stokes Parameters ◽  
Longitudinal Field ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Magnetic Field ◽  
Polarized Radiation

The observational quantities commonly used to study the magnetic field of CP stars – the mean field modulus and the mean longitudinal field, as well as the ‘mean asymmetry of the longitudinal field’ and the ‘mean quadratic field’ recently introduced by Mathys (1995a,b) – are based either on the Stokes parameter / or on the Stokes parameter V. However, a complete description of polarized radiation requires the knowledge of the full Stokes vector: in other words, we should expect that useful information is also contained in linear polarization (the Stokes parameters Q and U); or rather we should expect the information contained in (Q, U) and in V to be complementary, since linear and circular polarization are basically related to the transverse and the longitudinal component of the magnetic field, respectively.

Einfluß der Rotation auf die Lebensdauer prädissoziierender Moleküle

1971 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 538-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Comes ◽  
G. Schumpe
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Rotational Motion ◽  
Absorption Lines ◽  
Rare Gases ◽  
Rotational States ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Line Widths

Abstract The D 1∏u - X1∑g+system of H2 and D2 shows strong predissociation. High resolution m easurements on the line widths of isolated absorption lines have been carried out, showing the influence of rotation on the predissociation probability of the corresponding rotational states. Their lifetime decreases with increasing rotation of the molecule and with decreasing mass due to the coupling of electronic and rotational motion. Both results are in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions given by Kronig. The shape of the absorption lines broadened by predissociation was found to be typically asymmetric. They are of the Beutler type, well known form the autoionisation of the rare gases.

Vibratory Feeding

1967 ◽  
Vol 182 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Redford ◽  
G. Boothroyd
Keyword(s):  
Phase Difference ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Harmonic Motion ◽  
Fundamental Limitations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
The Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Bowl Feeder ◽  
Vibratory Bowl Feeder ◽  
Vibratory Feeding

A brief review of previous work on the mechanics of vibratory conveying is presented followed by a new theoretical analysis of vibratory feeding on a track which vibrates with simple harmonic motion and where a phase difference may exist between the parallel and normal components of the track motion. For a wide range of practical conditions, the theoretical predictions are found to agree closely with the results of experimental tests. These show that certain fundamental limitations exist in the performance of conventional feeder drives where the two components of track motion are in-phase. From further theoretical and experimental work, it is shown that under conditions where the appropriate phase difference exists between the two components of track motion, many practical advantages over conventional vibratory feeding are obtained. With a new design of vibratory bowl feeder drive based on the results of the work, significantly higher conveying velocities may be obtained under stable feeding conditions and, further, these high conveying velocities are virtually independent of the coefficient of friction between the component and the track. The results of the present work apply equally to the design of spiral elevators and in-line vibratory feeders.

Phase- and helicity-dependent effects in three-color ionization

Open Physics ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Magda Fifirig ◽  
Marius Stroe
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Phase Difference ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Relative Phase ◽  
Ionization Rate ◽  
Laser Frequency ◽  
Phase Effect ◽  
Two Photon ◽  
Ir Laser ◽  
Photon Ionization

AbstractWe study the two-photon ionization of the hydrogen atom from its ground state by a three-color electromagnetic field consisting of a superposition of an IR laser and two of its consecutive odd harmonics of order 2p−1 and 2p+1, withp a positive integer and constant relative phase difference. The ionization process due to the net absorption of the energy 2pħω (ω being the IR laser frequency) is considered. The influence of phase difference and helicity on the azimuthal angular distribution of the ejected photoelectrons is illustrated in the case in which the two harmonics have identical polarizations. Phase effect on the alignment of the differential ionization rate is also investigated.

scholarly journals An Inexpensive and Novel Optical Scheme of Assessing Adulterants in Emulsions

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 6874-6880 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Limit ◽  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Experimental Technique ◽  
Optical Sensing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Optical Scheme ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
User Friendly

An inexpensive way of polarimetric detection of urea as an adulterant in milk is reported. The novelty of the underlying experimental technique lies in its implementation of the Laurent half-shade polarimeter as the optical sensing unit. Different specific rotations are examined corresponding to varying concentrations of urea in milk. The experimental results are ascertained to go in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The detection setup is found to be cost-effective, user-friendly, and less time-consuming, as compared to conventional techniques, with a remarkable detection limit (~ 0.4 mg/ml).

scholarly journals Planck2018 results

2020 ◽  
Vol 641 ◽  
pp. A7 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Y. Akrami ◽  
M. Ashdown ◽  
J. Aumont ◽  
C. Baccigalupi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cosmological Model ◽  
Excellent Agreement ◽  
Stokes Parameters ◽  
Microwave Background ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Systematic Effects ◽  
Cold Spots ◽  
Remarkable Progress ◽  
Cmb Temperature ◽  
Made In

Analysis of thePlanck2018 data set indicates that the statistical properties of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature anisotropies are in excellent agreement with previous studies using the 2013 and 2015 data releases. In particular, they are consistent with the Gaussian predictions of the ΛCDM cosmological model, yet also confirm the presence of several so-called “anomalies” on large angular scales. The novelty of the current study, however, lies in being a first attempt at a comprehensive analysis of the statistics of the polarization signal over all angular scales, using either maps of the Stokes parameters,QandU, or theE-mode signal derived from these using a new methodology (which we describe in an appendix). Although remarkable progress has been made in reducing the systematic effects that contaminated the 2015 polarization maps on large angular scales, it is still the case that residual systematics (and our ability to simulate them) can limit some tests of non-Gaussianity and isotropy. However, a detailed set of null tests applied to the maps indicates that these issues do not dominate the analysis on intermediate and large angular scales (i.e.,ℓ ≲ 400). In this regime, no unambiguous detections of cosmological non-Gaussianity, or of anomalies corresponding to those seen in temperature, are claimed. Notably, the stacking of CMB polarization signals centred on the positions of temperature hot and cold spots exhibits excellent agreement with the ΛCDM cosmological model, and also gives a clear indication of howPlanckprovides state-of-the-art measurements of CMB temperature and polarization on degree scales.

Dreidimensional abbildende Elektronenmikroskope II. Theorie elektronenoptischer Systeme mit gekrümmter Achse / Three-dimensionally Imaging Electron Microscopes II. Theory of Electron-optical Systems with a Curved Axis

1978 ◽  
Vol 33 (11) ◽  
pp. 1361-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Plies ◽  
D. Typke
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Field ◽  
Electromagnetic Fields ◽  
Optical Axis ◽  
Optical Systems ◽  
Integral Expression ◽  
The Third ◽  
Space Charges ◽  
Single Section ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
Aberration Theory

An imaging and aberration theory of electron- or ion-optical systems composed of arbitrary stationary electromagnetic fields without space charges and currents in the beam-occupied region is developed. It follows the theory of systems with a straight optical axis as formulated by H. Rose. The electromagnetic field is expanded into plane multipoles about the arbitrarily curved and twisted axis. In the expansion of the eikonal, all terms are given which are needed for the calculation of the image aberrations up to the third rank (rank = Seidelian order + power of disturbing potentials + power of the chromatic deviation). For the image aberrations of the second rank, an integral expression is given, from which the single aberration integrals may be derived. Systems with single-section symmetry are treated in more detail.

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