scholarly journals DEFECTIVE ENDOSPERM-D1 (Dee-D1) is crucial for endosperm development in hexaploid wheat

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia Tikhenko ◽  
Ahmad M. Alqudah ◽  
Lioudmilla Borisjuk ◽  
Stefan Ortleb ◽  
Twan Rutten ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Endosperm Development ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Genome Doubling ◽  
Allopolyploid Speciation ◽  
Hybrid Genome ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Development And Evolution

AbstractHexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a natural allopolyploid and provides a usable model system to better understand the genetic mechanisms that underlie allopolyploid speciation through the hybrid genome doubling. Here we aimed to identify the contribution of chromosome 1D in the development and evolution of hexaploid wheat. We identified and mapped a novel DEFECTIVE ENDOSPERM–D1 (Dee-D1) locus on 1DL that is involved in the genetic control of endosperm development. The absence of Dee-D1 leads to non-viable grains in distant crosses and alters grain shape, which negatively affects grain number and thousand-grain weight. Dee-D1 can be classified as speciation locus with a positive effect on the function of genes which are involved in endosperm development in hybrid genomes. The presence of Dee-D1 is necessary for the normal development of endosperm, and thus play an important role in the evolution and improvement of grain yield in hexaploid wheat.

scholarly journals Genetic Basis for Spontaneous Hybrid Genome Doubling during Allopolyploid Speciation of Common Wheat Shown by Natural Variation Analyses of the Paternal Species

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. e68310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Matsuoka ◽  
Shuhei Nasuda ◽  
Yasuyo Ashida ◽  
Miyuki Nitta ◽  
Hisashi Tsujimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Common Wheat ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Genome Doubling ◽  
Allopolyploid Speciation ◽  
Hybrid Genome

The LARGE2-APO1/APO2 regulatory module controls panicle size and grain number in rice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luojiang Huang ◽  
Kai Hua ◽  
Ran Xu ◽  
Dali Zeng ◽  
Ruci Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Hect Domain ◽  
Regulatory Module ◽  
Promising Target ◽  
Meristematic Activity ◽  
Positive Regulators ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Biochemical Analyses

Abstract Panicle size and grain number are important agronomic traits and influence grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa), but the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying panicle size and grain number control remain largely unknown in crops. Here we report that LARGE2 encodes a HECT-domain E3 ubiquitin ligase OsUPL2 and regulates panicle size and grain number in rice. The loss of function large2 mutants produce large panicles with increased grain number, wide grains and leaves, and thick culms. LARGE2 regulates panicle size and grain number by repressing meristematic activity. LARGE2 is highly expressed in young panicles and grains. Biochemical analyses show that LARGE2 physically associates with ABERRANT PANICLE ORGANIZATION1 (APO1) and APO2, two positive regulators of panicle size and grain number, and modulates their stabilities. Genetic analyses support that LARGE2 functions with APO1 and APO2 in a common pathway to regulate panicle size and grain number. These findings reveal a novel genetic and molecular mechanism of the LARGE2-APO1/APO2 module-mediated control of panicle size and grain number in rice, suggesting that this module is a promising target for improving panicle size and grain number in crops.

scholarly journals Expected genetic advance for thousand grain weight and grain number per spike of bread wheat and durum wheat

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Gordana Brankovic ◽  
Dejan Dodig ◽  
Desimir Knezevic ◽  
Vesna Kandic ◽  
Jovan Pavlov
Keyword(s):  
Durum Wheat ◽  
Bread Wheat ◽  
Yield Component ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Genetic Advance ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Grain Number Per Spike

The research was aimed at examining variability, variance components, broadsense heritability (h2), expected genetic advance of thousand grain weight (TGW) and grain number per spike (GNS) of 15 genotypes of bread wheat and 15 genotypes of durum wheat. Field trials were carried out during 2010-2011 and 2011-2012 growing seasons at the three sites: Rimski Sancevi, Zemun Polje and Padinska Skela. Results of this investigation showed that the genetic component of variance (?2 g) was predominant for TGW of bread and durum wheat and for GNS of bread wheat. The genotype ? environment interaction (?2 ge) component of phenotypic variance was 8.72 times higher than ?2 g for GNS of durum wheat and pointed to the greater instability of durum wheat genotypes. h2 was very high (>90%) for TGW and GNS of bread wheat, high for TGW of durum wheat - 87.3% and low for GNS of durum wheat - 39.5%. Considering the high values obtained for h2 - 96.4% and the highest value for expected genetic advance as percent of mean (GAM) - 19.3% for TGW of bread wheat, the success of selection for desired values of this yield component can be anticipated. The success of selection cannot be predicted for GNS of durum wheat due to low values obtained for h2 and GAM of 39.5% and 2.8%, respectively.

scholarly journals Developmental and Evolutionary Allometry of the Mammalian Limb Skeleton

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 1356-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly L Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Biological Organization ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Cartilage Growth ◽  
Putative Gene ◽  
Evolutionary Allometry ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Genetic Mechanisms ◽  
Leg Bones ◽  
Development And Evolution ◽  
Cartilage Growth Plate

Abstract The variety of limb skeletal proportions enables a remarkable diversity of behaviors that include powered flight in bats and flipper-propelled swimming in whales using extremes of a range of homologous limb architectures. Even within human limbs, bone lengths span more than an order of magnitude from the short finger and toe bones to the long arm and leg bones. Yet all of this diversity arises from embryonic skeletal elements that are each a very similar size at formation. In this review article, I survey what is and is not yet known of the development and evolution of skeletal proportion at multiple hierarchical levels of biological organization. These include the cellular parameters of skeletal elongation in the cartilage growth plate, genes associated with differential growth, and putative gene regulatory mechanisms that would allow both covariant and independent evolution of the forelimbs and hindlimbs and of individual limb segments. Although the genetic mechanisms that shape skeletal proportion are still largely unknown, and most of what is known is limited to mammals, it is becoming increasingly apparent that the diversity of bone lengths is an emergent property of a complex system that controls elongation of individual skeletal elements using a genetic toolkit shared by all.

scholarly journals BORON ON PRODUCTIVITY AND NUTRIENT STATUS OF RICE (ORYZA SATIVA L.) IN KOLE LANDS , KERALA, INDIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (No 1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Latha ◽  
Asha V Pillai
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Soil Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Soil Nutrient Status ◽  
Yield Attributes ◽  
Pooled Data ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Growth Characters

An experiment was conducted in farmer’s field at different locations of kole lands to study the effect of micro nutrient Boron on yield and soil nutrient status of rice during 2012-2014. The treatments comprised of different levels of B viz; 2.5 kg Borax/ ha, 5 kg Borax/ha, 10 kg Borax/ha, 12.5 kg Borax/ha, 15 kg Borax/ha and untreated control. Observations on growth characters, yield attributes, yield and soil and plant nutrient status were recorded. The application of 15 kg borax /ha recorded the maximum number of panicles/m2 , number of grains /panicles, thousand grain weight, grain and straw yield of rice. The results of pooled data on plant and soil nutrient status revealed that application of boron had a positive effect on uptake and availability of nutrients in soil. The study concluded that the soil application of borax@ 15 kg /ha was found to be good for correcting the deficiency in B deficient areas of Kole lands.

scholarly journals Relationship Between Eyespot Severity and Productivity of Winter Wheat in Lithuania

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jūratė Ramanauskienė ◽  
Irena Gaurilčikienė ◽  
Rūta Česnulevičienė
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Winter Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Cereal yield loss from eyespot directly depends on the severity of the disease. The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between eyespot damage in winter wheat and components of yield of winter wheat cultivars Ada, Mulan and Tukan in Lithuania in the 2011/2012 cropping season. Several eyespot did not decrease the grain number per ear cv. of Tukan while for cvs. Ada and Mulan the decrease was 14 and 15%, respectively; however, the grain number per ear of moderately eyespot-affected stems of cv. Ada did not differ from that of visually healthy stems. For cv. Ada, the grain weight per ear of moderately affected stems was 5.8% less and that of severely affected stems was 12.8% less than that of healthy stems, while for cv. Mulan the decrease in grain weight per ear was 40.3 and 35.5%, respectively and for cv. Tukan it was 59.0 and 63.2%, respectively for moderately and severely affected stems. The decrease in thousand grain weight of moderately eyespot-affected stems of cv. Ada was less (6.5%) compared with that of cv. Mulan (31.3%) and cv. Tukan (55.8%). Thousand grain weight of severely eyespot-affected stems of cvs. Ada, Mulan and Tukan was 22.2, 26.0, and 65.0%, respectively, less than that of healthy stems. Screening of healthy, moderately and severely affected plants of the winter wheat varieties Ada, Mulan and Tukan for grain number per ear, grain weight per ear and TGW revealed that these varieties differed in tolerance to eyespot

Estimation of Yield traits & Correlation in Zea Mays

1970 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Maysoun M. Saleh ◽  
Zakia Hajjar, Rima Koudsieh ◽  
Fattima Al- Sadek
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Yield Traits ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Grain Number ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Research Centres

Seven Zea mays genotypes were planted at two sites Aleppo and Edleb which are research centres belongs to the General Commission of Scientific Agricultural research GCSAR northern Syria. Yield traits (ear diameter, ear length, row number per ear-1, grain number per ear-1, thousand grain weight) were studied in order to estimate the variation between genotypes and to between sites and to select the best genotypes concerning studied yield  traits to be applied in maize breeding programs. Results showed that all Studied genotypes of maize had significant differences in yield traits in which both genotypes (Z 263, Z 67) were remarkable in all studied traits like thousand grain weight (391.7, 390.7) g for each of them respectively. Results also revealed that most studied traits were significantly superior in Aleppo comparing to Edleb. Results of correlation showed positively and significantly relations between all studied traits except between each of row number per ear-1 and grain number per ear-1 with thousand grain weight.

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