scholarly journals The contemporary distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans, alternative hosts and vectors

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie J. Browne ◽  
Carlos A. Guerra ◽  
Renato Vieira Alves ◽  
Veruska Maia da Costa ◽  
Anne L. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Cruzi Infection ◽  
Human Population Movement

Abstract Chagas is a potentially fatal chronic disease affecting large numbers of people across the Americas and exported throughout the world through human population movement. It is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite, which is transmitted by triatomine vectors to humans and a wide range of alternative host species. The database described here was compiled to allow the risk of vectorial transmission to humans to be mapped using geospatial models. The database collates all available records, published since 2003, for prevalence and occurrence of infection in humans, vectors and alternative hosts, and links each record to a defined time and location. A total of 16,802 records of infection have been extracted from the published literature and unpublished sources. The resulting database can be used to improve our understanding of the geographic variation in vector infection prevalence and to estimate the risk of vectorial transmission of T. cruzi to humans.

scholarly journals Erratum: Corrigendum: The contemporary distribution of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in humans, alternative hosts and vectors

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie J. Browne ◽  
Carlos A. Guerra ◽  
Renato Vieira Alves ◽  
Veruska Maia da Costa ◽  
Anne L. Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Cruzi Infection

Tēlainie domāšanas paņēmieni 1918. un 1919. gada laikrakstā „Kurzemes Vārds”

2020 ◽  
pp. 210-221
Author(s):  
Elīna Veinberga
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Linguistics ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Authentic Texts ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Construction Of Meaning ◽  
Creating Meaning

The task of the article is to study the use of metaphors, metonymies, and other figurative patterns of thought in the available issues of “Kurzemes Vārds” of 1918 and 1919, exploring the construction of meaning. The theoretical framework of this article is based on cognitive linguistics and cognitive stylistics, where metaphors and other stylistic techniques are natural mechanisms of thought expression. Language reflects our experience and perception of the world, and metaphors are expressed in language because they originally reside in our minds (Lakoff and Johnson [1980] 2003, 3–5). “Kurzemes Vārds” is a newspaper intended for a wide range of readers, and it reflects the way of expression of thoughts in 1918 and 1919; thus, the analysis of authentic texts shows that figurative means of expression are not only imaginative or picturesque, but they are a natural, everyday phenomenon of language. Metaphors, metonymies, and other means of expression of figurative thought are easy to find in large numbers: almost every issue of “Kurzemes Vārds” has a considerable number of different figurative patterns of thought. In the analysed examples, the number of cases where, for example, metaphor or personification acts as the only figurative pattern of thought, creating meaning in one stylistic use, is twice less (four cases) than the combinations of figurative patterns of thought creating meaning together (eight cases), which leads to a conclusion that combinations are more common. In several cases of personification, it is a metonymy that reveals the connection of conceptual metaphor with personification. The question of combinations of figurative patterns and their interaction calls for future research.

Claviceps africana (ergot).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Hybrid Seed ◽  
Hybrid Seed Production ◽  
Local Varieties ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Claviceps Africana

Abstract C. africana is the ergot pathogen of Sorghum bicolor, now found in most sorghum-producing areas of the world. It is primarily a problem for hybrid seed production, but epidemics on local varieties have occurred (Pazoutová and Frederickson, 2005). Large numbers of secondary conidia produced on infected panicles become airborne and are presumed to be the means by which the fungus has spread rapidly across continents in recent years. The fungus may also be carried in the form of sclerotia and/or sphacelia among harvested seed, and this may be the means of spread between continents, but the seed lots can be cleaned or treated with fungicides. Alternative hosts are predominantly wild and weedy Sorghum spp., but some wild grasses can become infected; any of these might provide a reservoir between planting seasons or a bridge between regions.

THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 61. Sorghum halepense (L.) PERS.

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 997-1014 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I. WARWICK ◽  
L. D. BLACK
Keyword(s):  
Biological Information ◽  
Sorghum Halepense ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Forage Crop ◽  
Johnson Grass ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Self Compatibility ◽  
Vigorous Growth

A review of biological information is provided for Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Johnson grass. A native of southern Eurasia to India, S. halepense occurs as a weed in most tropical and temperate areas of the world, and has recently become established in 10 counties in Southern Ontario. Listed as one of the world’s worst weeds, S. halepense infestations result in severe crop losses either from competition or alleleopathic effects and/or by serving as an alternative host for several crop pests. The species is, however, an important forage crop in the southeastern United States and other areas of the world. Johnson grass has several features which contribute to its success as a weed, including the production of extensively creeping rhizomes and large numbers of seeds, rhizomes which regenerate easily if cut into small pieces in cultivation procedures, self-compatibility, seed longevity, seed dormancy and vigorous growth under a wide range of environmental conditions. To date, one population of S. halepense from Brant County, Ontario is known to produce rhizomes which successfully overwinter in Canada. This population would appear to be distinct from the other Ontario populations and is characterized by smaller seeds and seedlings and lower rates of germination. A combination of repeated tillage, proper herbicides and crop rotation will give the best control of Johnson grass.Key words: Sorghum halepense, Johnson grass, biological review

scholarly journals Modelling Citrus Huanglongbing Spread in Scenarios involving Alternative Hosts, Vector Populations and Removal of Symptomatic Plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sônia Ternes ◽  
Raphael G. d’A. Vilamiu ◽  
Alécio S. Moreira ◽  
Marcelo Rossi ◽  
Tâmara T. de C. Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Crucial Role ◽  
Alternative Host ◽  
Diaphorina Citri ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Alternative Hosts ◽  
Murraya Paniculata ◽  
The World ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Citrus Disease

AbstractHuanglongbing (HLB, ex-greening) is the most devastating citrus disease around the world. We modelled HLB spread in scenarios with different populational levels of the main alternative host (Murraya paniculata) and Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, vector of HLB associated bacteria; and removal of HLB-symptomatic plants. A compartmental deterministic mathematical model was built for representing the HLB dynamics in the Reconcavo Baiano, Bahia State, Brazil. The model encompasses delays on latency and incubation disease periods and on the D. citri nymphal stages. The simulations indicated that the presence of alternative hosts at low proportion would not play a crucial role in HLB dynamics in situations of poor D. citri management, regardless of HLB-symptomatic plants eradication. Symptomatic citrus plants contribute more to increase the HLB-incidence than the alternative host in scenarios without a suitable D. citri management.

BIOASSAY CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIVIDUAL URINARY GONADOTROPHIN EXTRACTS

1963 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-224
Author(s):  
Raymond C. Mellinger ◽  
Jalileh A. Mansour ◽  
Richmond W. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Reference Material ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Reference Standard ◽  
General Acceptance ◽  
Modifying Factors ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Quantitative Bioassay ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Age And Sex

ABSTRACT A reference standard is widely sought for use in the quantitative bioassay of pituitary gonadotrophin recovered from urine. The biologic similarity of pooled urinary extracts obtained from large numbers of subjects, utilizing groups of different age and sex, preparing and assaying the materials by varying techniques in different parts of the world, has lead to a general acceptance of such preparations as international gonadotrophin reference standards. In the present study, however, the extract of pooled urine from a small number of young women is shown to produce a significantly different bioassay response from that of the reference materials. Gonadotrophins of individual subjects likewise varied from the multiple subject standards in many instances. The cause of these differences is thought to be due to the modifying influence of non-hormonal substances extracted from urine with the gonadotrophin and not necessarily to variations in the gonadotrophins themselves. Such modifying factors might have similar effects in a comparative assay of pooled extracts contributed by many subjects, but produce significant variations when material from individual subjects is compared. It is concluded that the expression of potency of a gonadotrophic extract in terms of pooled reference material to which it is not essentially similar may diminish rather than enhance the validity of the assay.

Creative Strategy Used in Electronic Advertising

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 597-606
Author(s):  
Dr. Maha Mustafa Omer Abdalaziz
Keyword(s):  
The Internet ◽  
Business Organizations ◽  
Creative Strategy ◽  
Electronic Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Electronic Advertising

The study aims at the technological developments that are taking place in the world and have impacted on all sectors and fields and imposed on the business organizations and commercial companies to carry out their marketing and promotional activities within the electronic environment. The most prominent of these developments is the emergence of the concept of electronic advertising which opened a wide range of companies and businessmen to advertise And to promote their products and their work easily through the Internet, which has become full of electronic advertising, and in light of that will discuss the creative strategy used in electronic advertising;

KEY ASPECTS OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE STATE AUTHORITIES IN THE WORLD AND TO THE MODERN SOVERUM UKRAINE: A JOINT AND PERSONALITY

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (11) ◽  
pp. 164-174
Author(s):  
Оlena Fedorіvna Caracasidi
Keyword(s):  
Separation Of Powers ◽  
Human Life ◽  
State Power ◽  
The State ◽  
Public Power ◽  
The People ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The World ◽  
Distribution Of Power ◽  
Key Aspects

The article deals with the fundamental, inherent in most of the countries of the world transformation of state power, its formation, functioning and division between the main branches as a result of the decentralization of such power, its subsidiarity. Attention is drawn to the specifics of state power, its func- tional features in the conditions of sovereignty of the states, their interconnec- tion. It is emphasized that the nature of the state power is connected with the nature of the political system of the state, with the form of government and many other aspects of a fundamental nature.It is analyzed that in the middle of national states the questions of legitima- cy, sovereignty of transparency of state power, its formation are acutely raised. Concerning the practical functioning of state power, a deeper study now needs a problem of separation of powers and the distribution of power. The use of this principle, which ensures the real subsidiarity of the authorities, the formation of more effective, responsible democratic relations between state power and civil society, is the first priority of the transformation of state power in the conditions of modern transformations of countries and societies. It is substantiated that the research of these problems will open up much wider opportunities for the provi- sion of state power not as a center authority, but also as a leading political structure but as a power of the people and the community. In the context of global democratization processes, such processes are crucial for a more humanistic and civilized arrangement of human life. It is noted that local self-government, as a specific form of public power, is also characterized by an expressive feature of a special subject of power (territorial community) as a set of large numbers of people; joint communal property; tax system, etc.

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