scholarly journals Multifunctional structural energy storage composite supercapacitors

2014 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 81-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha Shirshova ◽  
Hui Qian ◽  
Matthieu Houllé ◽  
Joachim H. G. Steinke ◽  
Anthony R. J. Kucernak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Active Surface ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Active Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Fibres ◽  
Structural Carbon

This paper addresses the challenge of producing multifunctional composites that can simultaneously carry mechanical loads whilst storing (and delivering) electrical energy. The embodiment is a structural supercapacitor built around laminated structural carbon fibre (CF) fabrics. Each cell consists of two modified structural CF fabric electrodes, separated by a structural glass fibre fabric or polymer membrane, infused with a multifunctional polymeric electrolyte. Rather than using conventional activated carbon fibres, structural carbon fibres were treated to produce a mechanically robust, high surface area material, using a variety of methods, including direct etching, carbon nanotube sizing, and carbon nanotubein situgrowth. One of the most promising approaches is to integrate a porous bicontinuous monolithic carbon aerogel (CAG) throughout the matrix. This nanostructured matrix both provides a dramatic increase in active surface area of the electrodes, and has the potential to address mechanical issues associated with matrix-dominated failures. The effect of the initial reaction mixture composition is assessed for both the CAG modified carbon fibre electrodes and resulting devices. A low temperature CAG modification of carbon fibres was evaluated using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) to enhance the electrochemical performance. For the multifunctional structural electrolyte, simple crosslinked gels have been replaced with bicontinuous structural epoxy–ionic liquid hybrids that offer a much better balance between the conflicting demands of rigidity and molecular motion. The formation of both aerogel precursors and the multifunctional electrolyte are described, including the influence of key components, and the defining characteristics of the products. Working structural supercapacitor composite prototypes have been produced and characterised electrochemically. The effect of introducing the necessary multifunctional resin on the mechanical properties has also been assessed. Larger scale demonstrators have been produced including a full size car boot/trunk lid.

Tenacious Mass Transfer Limitations Drive Catalytic Selectivity during Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kailun Yang ◽  
Recep Kas ◽  
Wilson A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Catalyst Layer ◽  
Active Surface ◽  
Active Surface Area ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Copper Electrodes ◽  
Surface Enhanced ◽  
Local Current

<p>This study evaluated the performance of the commonly used strong buffer electrolytes, i.e. phosphate buffers, during CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction in neutral pH conditions by using in-situ surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS). Unfortunately, the buffers break down a lot faster than anticipated which has serious implications on many studies in the literature such as selectivity and kinetic analysis of the electrocatalysts. Increasing electrolyte concentration, surprisingly, did not extend the potential window of the phosphate buffers due to dramatic increase in hydrogen evolution reaction. Even high concentration phosphate buffers (1 M) break down within the potentials (-1 V vs RHE) where hydrocarbons are formed on copper electrodes. We have extended the discussion to high surface area electrodes by evaluating electrodes composed of copper nanowires. We would like highlight that it is not possible to cope with high local current densities on these high surface area electrodes by using high buffer capacity solutions and the CO<sub>2</sub> electrocatalysts are needed to be evaluated by casting thin nanoparticle films onto inert substrates as commonly employed in fuel cell reactions and up to now scarcely employed in CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction. In addition, we underscore that normalization of the electrocatalytic activity to the electrochemical active surface area is not the ultimate solution due to concentration gradient along the catalyst layer.This will “underestimate” the activity of high surface electrocatalyst and the degree of underestimation will depend on the thickness, porosity and morphology of the catalyst layer. </p> <p> </p>

Tenacious Mass Transfer Limitations Drive Catalytic Selectivity during Electrochemical Carbon Dioxide Reduction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kailun Yang ◽  
Recep Kas ◽  
Wilson A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Catalyst Layer ◽  
Active Surface ◽  
Active Surface Area ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Copper Electrodes ◽  
Surface Enhanced ◽  
Local Current

<p>This study evaluated the performance of the commonly used strong buffer electrolytes, i.e. phosphate buffers, during CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction in neutral pH conditions by using in-situ surface enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS). Unfortunately, the buffers break down a lot faster than anticipated which has serious implications on many studies in the literature such as selectivity and kinetic analysis of the electrocatalysts. Increasing electrolyte concentration, surprisingly, did not extend the potential window of the phosphate buffers due to dramatic increase in hydrogen evolution reaction. Even high concentration phosphate buffers (1 M) break down within the potentials (-1 V vs RHE) where hydrocarbons are formed on copper electrodes. We have extended the discussion to high surface area electrodes by evaluating electrodes composed of copper nanowires. We would like highlight that it is not possible to cope with high local current densities on these high surface area electrodes by using high buffer capacity solutions and the CO<sub>2</sub> electrocatalysts are needed to be evaluated by casting thin nanoparticle films onto inert substrates as commonly employed in fuel cell reactions and up to now scarcely employed in CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction. In addition, we underscore that normalization of the electrocatalytic activity to the electrochemical active surface area is not the ultimate solution due to concentration gradient along the catalyst layer.This will “underestimate” the activity of high surface electrocatalyst and the degree of underestimation will depend on the thickness, porosity and morphology of the catalyst layer. </p> <p> </p>

scholarly journals UV/Vis Light Induced Degradation of Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride Mediated by Co-TiO2 Nanoparticles

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soukaina Akel ◽  
Redouan Boughaled ◽  
Ralf Dillert ◽  
Mohamed El Azzouzi ◽  
Detlef W. Bahnemann
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Initial Reaction Rate ◽  
Initial Reaction ◽  
Co Doping ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy

Pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics, constitute an important group of aquatic contaminants given their environmental impact. Specifically, tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) are produced in great amounts for the treatment of bacterial infections in both human and veterinary medicine. Several studies have shown that, among all antibiotics, oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC HCl) is one of the most frequently detected TCs in soil and surface water. The results of the photocatalytic degradation of OTC HCL in aqueous suspensions (30 mg·L−1) of 0.5 wt.% cobalt-doped TiO2 catalysts are reported in this study. The heterogeneous Co-TiO2 photocatalysts were synthesized by two different solvothermal methods. Evonik Degussa Aevoxide P25 and self-prepared TiO2 modified by the same methods were used for comparison. The synthesized photocatalysts were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV/vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and N2 adsorption (BET) for specific surface area determination. The XRD and Raman results suggest that Ti4+ was substituted by Co2+ in the TiO2 crystal structure. Uv/visible spectroscopy of Co-TiO2-R showed a substantial redshift in comparison with bare TiO2-R. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared photocatalysts in OTC HCL degradation was investigated employing Uv/vis spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The observed initial reaction rate over Co-TiO2-R was higher compared with that of Co-TiO2-HT, self-prepared TiO2, and the commercial P25. The enhanced photocatalytic activity was attributed to the high surface area (153 m2·g−1) along with the impurity levels within the band gap (2.93 eV), promoting the charge separation and improving the charge transfer ability. From these experimental results, it can be concluded that Co-doping under reflux demonstrates better photocatalytic performances than with the hydrothermal treatment.

scholarly journals Making an ultralow platinum content bimetallic catalyst on carbon fibres for electro-oxidation of ammonia in wastewater

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (8) ◽  
pp. 2111-2124 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Pourrahimi ◽  
R. L. Andersson ◽  
K. Tjus ◽  
V. Ström ◽  
A. Björk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
Bimetallic Catalyst ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Metal Alloy ◽  
Carbon Fibres ◽  
Platinum Content ◽  
Platinum Coating ◽  
Electro Oxidation

Conductive high surface area carbon fibres with a bimetallic copper–platinum coating are used as electrode for electro-oxidation of wastewater ammonia. The metal alloy is presented as a novel inexpensive catalyst for the generation of hydrogen gas.

4946663 Production of high surface area carbon fibres

Carbon ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 29 (8) ◽  
pp. I
Author(s):  
Gary J Audley ◽  
Ala Grint
Keyword(s):  
Surface Area ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Carbon Fibres

Progress on nanoparticle-based carbon nanotube complex: fabrication and potential application

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amin Termeh Yousefi ◽  
Minoru Fukumori ◽  
Pandey Reetu Raj ◽  
Polin Liu ◽  
Lingxiang Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Nanostructured Materials ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Active Surface ◽  
Semiconductor Nanoparticles ◽  
Active Surface Area ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Magnetic Applications

AbstractCarbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as one of the most intensively explored nanostructured materials and have been widely used as a platform material for metal and semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) due to their large and chemically active surface area. Several approaches have been described in the literature to immobilize NPs on the surface of CNTs. This report reviews the recent developments in this area by exploring the various techniques where nanotubes can be functionalized with NPs to improve the optical, mechanical, thermal, medical, electrical, and magnetic applications of CNTs.

Epoxy composite sheets with a large interfacial area from a high surface area-supplying single-walled carbon nanotube scaffold filler

Carbon ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (15) ◽  
pp. 5090-5098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazufumi Kobashi ◽  
Hidekazu Nishino ◽  
Takeo Yamada ◽  
Don N. Futaba ◽  
Motoo Yumura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Epoxy Composite ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
Interfacial Area ◽  
Single Walled Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Single Walled Carbon

scholarly journals Bridging the performance gap between electric double-layer capacitors and batteries with high-energy/high-power carbon nanotube-based electrodes

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (38) ◽  
pp. 14586-14594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Matabosch Coromina ◽  
Beatrice Adeniran ◽  
Robert Mokaya ◽  
Darren A. Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Power Density ◽  
High Power ◽  
Electric Double Layer ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Performance Gap ◽  
Double Layer Capacitors

The energy/power density of EDLCs containing high surface area carbon nanotube-based electrodes bridges the performance gap between conventional EDLCs and batteries.

scholarly journals Cross-linked single-walled carbon nanotube aerogel electrodes via reductive coupling chemistry

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (15) ◽  
pp. 5385-5389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina De Marco ◽  
Foivos Markoulidis ◽  
Robert Menzel ◽  
Salem M. Bawaked ◽  
Mohamed Mokhtar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
High Surface ◽  
High Surface Area ◽  
High Conductivity ◽  
Reductive Coupling ◽  
Single Walled Carbon Nanotube ◽  
Single Walled Carbon

Spontaneously-dissolved, negatively-charged SWCNTs were cross-linked using p-diiodobenzene to produce ultralight, high surface area cryogels with high conductivity, suitable for supercapacitors application.

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