Bioaccessibility of provitamin A carotenoids from fruits: application of a standardised static in vitro digestion method

Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) remains a public health problem in developing countries. Consumption of orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) varieties has been proven to be a valuable strategy for VAD alleviation. In this work, OFSP flour was incorporated into wheat flour at 15, 25, 35, and 50% (w/w) and used to prepare baked products. The bioaccessibility of provitamin A carotenoids of OFSP baking products was performed according to an in vitro digestion model. The contribution of OFSP-wheat composite baking products to vitamin A requirements was evaluated. Relatively high amounts (98.70±2.17-144.42±1.31 μg/g DM) of total carotenoids in OFSP flours was reported in Kakamega-7-Irene, Kabode, and Covington cultivars. The recovery of provitamin A carotenoid in baking products containing 15, 25, 35, and 50% OFSP flour was 1031.04±6.36-3364.21±10.22 μg/100 g for cupcakes and 1009.19±10.38-4640.72±13.43 μg/100 g for cookies, respectively. The in vitro bioaccessibility of provitamin A carotenoids of OFSP composite cupcake ranged from 12.53 to 27.21% while that of OFSP composite cookies was significantly different (p ˂ 0.05) and ranged from 15.99 to 27.84%. The results also showed that cupcake and cookies containing 35% and 50% OFSP flours could be used to fight vitamin A deficiency in Côte d’Ivoire as they were found to meet 50 and more than 100% (161% for 100 g portion) of the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) of vitamin A for children aged 3-10 years. Finally, our results may support adoption of OFSP varieties in order to decrease the risk of vitamin A deficiency in Côte d’Ivoire.

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Identification of Enzymatic Cleavage Products of β-Carotene-Rich Extracts of Kale and Biofortified Maize

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000437 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 87 (5-6) ◽

pp. 279-286

Author(s):

Tawanda Muzhingi ◽

Kyung-Jin Yeum ◽

Andrew H. Siwela ◽

Odilia Bermudez ◽

Guangwen Tang

Keyword(s):

Vitamin A ◽

Intestinal Mucosa ◽

Provitamin A ◽

Enzymatic Cleavage ◽

Plant Food ◽

Plant Foods ◽

Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽

Mitochondrial Fractions ◽

Β Carotene

Abstract. Provitamin A carotenoids in plant foods provide more than 80% of vitamin A intake for people in developing countries. Therefore, the conversion efficiency of β-carotene to vitamin A is important, as it determines the effectiveness of plant foods as sources of vitamin A in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plant food antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienol and total γ-oryzanol on the cleavage of β-carotene in vitro. Rat intestinal mucosa post mitochondrial fractions were incubated with β-carotene-rich extracts of kale and biofortified maize for an hour at 37°C. Rat intestinal mucosa post mitochondrial fractions were also incubated with β-carotene in the presence of either α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocotrienol, γ-tocotrienol or γ-oryzanol for 60 min at 37°C. The β-carotene cleavage products were extracted and analyzed by an HPLC equipped with a C18 column at 340nm and 450nm. When β-carotene alone was incubated without intestinal mucosa homogenate (control), no cleavage products were detected. When β-carotene alone was incubated with intestinal mucosa homogenate, β-apo-13-carotenone, β-apo-14-carotenal, retinal, retinol and retinoic acid were formed. However, incubation of β-carotene with either α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol or α-tocotrienol resulted in a 10 fold inhibition of β-apo-14-carotenal and β-apo-13-carotenone formation. Antioxidant rich biofortified maize extract incubated with postmitochondrial fraction produced less β-apo-13-carotenone compared to the kale extract. These results suggest that antioxidants inhibit the cleavage of β-carotene and the formation of excentric cleavage products (β-apo-13-carotenone, β-apo-14-carotenal).

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Vitamin A Value of Plant Food Provitamin A - Evaluated by the Stable Isotope Technologies

International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research ◽

10.1024/0300-9831/a000183 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 84 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 25-29 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Guangwen Tang

Keyword(s):

Stable Isotope ◽

Vitamin A ◽

Provitamin A ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Plant Food ◽

Plant Foods ◽

A Value ◽

Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽

Β Carotene

Humans need vitamin A and obtain essential vitamin A by conversion of plant foods rich in provitamin A and/or absorption of preformed vitamin A from foods of animal origin. The determination of the vitamin A value of plant foods rich in provitamin A is important but has challenges. The aim of this paper is to review the progress over last 80 years following the discovery on the conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A and the various techniques including stable isotope technologies that have been developed to determine vitamin A values of plant provitamin A (mainly β-carotene). These include applications from using radioactive β-carotene and vitamin A, depletion-repletion with vitamin A and β-carotene, and measuring postprandial chylomicron fractions after feeding a β-carotene rich diet, to using stable isotopes as tracers to follow the absorption and conversion of plant food provitamin A carotenoids (mainly β-carotene) in humans. These approaches have greatly promoted our understanding of the absorption and conversion of β-carotene to vitamin A. Stable isotope labeled plant foods are useful for determining the overall bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoids from specific foods. Locally obtained plant foods can provide vitamin A and prevent deficiency of vitamin A, a remaining worldwide concern.

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Determination of β-Carotene and Lutein Available from Green Leafy Vegetables by an in Vitro Digestion and Colonic Fermentation Method

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/jf0480142 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (8) ◽

pp. 2936-2940 ◽

Cited By ~ 45

Author(s):

José Serrano ◽

Isabel Goñi ◽

Fulgencio Saura-Calixto

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Digestion ◽

Leafy Vegetables ◽

Colonic Fermentation ◽

Green Leafy Vegetables ◽

Fermentation Method ◽

Β Carotene

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Evaluation of Cellular Absorption and Metabolism of β-Carotene Loaded in Nanocarriers after In Vitro Digestion

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry ◽

10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02431 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ling Chen ◽

Wallace Yokoyama ◽

Christina Tam ◽

Yuqing Tan ◽

Pricilla Alves ◽

...

Keyword(s):

In Vitro Digestion ◽

Β Carotene

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Climate Change Enhanced Carotenoid Pro-Vitamin A Levels of Selected Plantain Cultivars

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9040541 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 541 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Beloved Mensah Dzomeku ◽

Julian P. Wald ◽

Jens Norbert Wünsche ◽

Donatus Nohr ◽

Hans K. Biesalski

Keyword(s):

Low Cost ◽

Dry Season ◽

Provitamin A ◽

Poor People ◽

Carotene Content ◽

Uv Index ◽

Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽

Micronutrient Intake ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Β Carotene

Diet diversification and the exploitation of traditional, micronutrient-rich germplasm of staple crops are generally regarded as sustainable and low-cost approaches to increase the micronutrient intake of resource-poor people. Sun’s UV index was collected daily throughout the year. The study assessed the seasonality of provitamin A carotenoids in three plantain cultivars in response to climatic condition. Fruits were harvested at three maturities and freeze-dried before analysis. The results showed that there were high levels of the sun’s UV-B radiations throughout the year with the highest occurring from November to May when the area experienced clear skies with minimal cloud cover. These high levels of the sun’s UV-B index occurred between 9.00 h GMT and 17.00 h GMT. The study also showed that α-carotene content increased with maturity in “Apantu” during the rainy seasons ranging from 95 to 172 μg/100 g of dry pulp. Similar trends were observed during the dry season with a range of 28 to 489 μg/100 g. The α-carotene contents were very high in the periods of high sun’s UV-B radiations compared to the periods of low sun’s UV-B radiations. The α-carotene levels in the giant French plantains showed similar trends. Intermediate French “Oniaba” and False Horn “Apantu” plantain cultivar showed the highest content of β-carotene during the dry season. The high provitamin A carotenoid levels in the cultivars coincided with the high levels of the sun’s UV index.

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Incorporation of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin into human chylomicrons

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn2003842 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 89 (6) ◽

pp. 787-793 ◽

Cited By ~ 54

Author(s):

Antonio Pérez-Gálvez ◽

Hans D. Martin ◽

Helmut Sies ◽

Wilhelm Stahl

Keyword(s):

Lower Risk ◽

Age Related Macular Degeneration ◽

Provitamin A ◽

Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽

Age Related ◽

Paprika Oleoresin ◽

Overnight Fasting ◽

Carotenoid Absorption ◽

Chronic Disorders ◽

Β Carotene

The intake of a carotenoid-rich diet is epidemiologically related to a lower risk for different chronic disorders like cardiovascular disease, some types of cancer or age-related macular degeneration. Red pepper (Capsicum annuumL.) and its dietary products contain a variety of carotenoids, which may contribute to the carotenoid pattern of human blood and tissues. The objective of the present study was to assess the availability of carotenoids from paprika oleoresin, including zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene and the paprika-specific oxocarotenoids capsanthin and capsorubin. After overnight fasting, the volunteers (n9) ingested a single dose of the paprika oleoresin containing 6·4 mg zeaxanthin, 4·2 mg β-cryptoxanthin, 6·2 mg β-carotene, 35·0 mg capsanthin and 2·0 mg capsorubin. At different time points the carotenoid pattern in the chylomicron fraction was analysed to evaluate carotenoid absorption. From the major carotenoids present in the paprika oleoresin only zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene were detectable in considerable amounts. Although the xanthophylls in paprika oleoresin were mainly present as mono- or di-esters, only free zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin were found in human samples. The bioavailability of the pepper-specific carotenoids capsanthin and capsorubin from paprika oleoresin is very low. However, oleoresin is a suitable source for the provitamin A carotenoids β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin and the macular pigment zeaxanthin.

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Extraction and Analysis by HPLC-DAD of Carotenoids in Human Faeces from Spanish Adults

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9060484 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 484

Author(s):

Elena Rodríguez-Rodríguez ◽

Beatriz Beltrán-de-Miguel ◽

Kerly X. Samaniego-Aguilar ◽

Milagros Sánchez-Prieto ◽

Rocío Estévez-Santiago ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dietary Intake ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Provitamin A ◽

Carotenoid Concentration ◽

Invasive Approach ◽

Human Faeces ◽

Non Invasive ◽

Food Records ◽

Provitamin A Carotenoids ◽

Β Carotene

Carotenoids are bioactive compounds with widely accepted health benefits. Their quantification in human faeces can be a useful non-invasive approach to assess their bioavailability. Identification and quantification of major dietary carotenoids in human faeces was the aim of the present study. Faeces and dietary intake were obtained from 101 healthy adults (45–65 years). Carotenoid concentrations were determined by HPLC in faeces and by 3-day food records in dietary intake. Carotenoids quantified in faeces (μg/g dry weight, median) were: β-carotene (39.5), lycopene (20), lutein (17.5), phytoene (11.4), zeaxanthin (6.3), β-cryptoxanthin (4.5), phytofluene (2.9). α-carotene (5.3) and violaxanthin were found 75.5% and 7.1% of the faeces. The carotenoids found in the highest concentrations corresponded to the ones consumed in the greatest amounts (μg/d): lycopene (13,146), phytoene (2697), β-carotene (1812), lutein+zeaxanthin (1148). Carotenoid concentration in faeces and in dietary intake showed correlation for the total non-provitamin A carotenoids (r = 0.302; p = 0.003), phytoene (r = 0.339; p = 0.001), phytofluene (r = 0.279; p = 0.005), lycopene (0.223; p = 0.027), lutein+zeaxanthin (r = 0.291; p = 0.04) and β-cryptoxanthin (r = 0.323; p = 0.001). A high proportion of dietary carotenoids, especially those with provitamin A activity and some of their isomers, reach the large intestine, suggesting a low bioavailability of their intact forms.

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