Abstract
Due to recent advances in nanotechnology, it is expected that carbon nanostructures will soon be used for different medical applications including devices for transfusion medicine. Fullerenes and carbon nanotubes have a profound impact on the development of diagnostic biosensors, drug delivery nanosystems, or imaging nanoprobes for intravascular use. In addition, fullerenes can also be used as components of plastic and filtration membranes. Furthermore, fullerene C60 has been shown to have antiviral and antibacterial properties and its photodynamic potential for pathogen-reduction treatment of blood products has been suggested. Hydroxylated C60 derivatives have potent antioxidant properties, however, there are concerns about possible cytotoxic effects of fullerenes and/or their oxidative products. We studied the effects of C60 on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in culture. We used a water suspension of nonsoluble C60 (C60 preparations of 99.5% and 99.9% purity from SES Res., Houston, TX, and MER Corp., Tuscon, AZ, respectively) at 4 μg/mL, particle size < 500 nm, and the water soluble polyhydroxylated fullerene derivative fullerenol C60(OH)24 at 1 – 100 μg/mL (MER Corp., Tuscon, AZ). We found that 24 hr treatment of HUVECs with C60(OH)24 at 100 μg/mL significantly increased cell surface expression of ICAM-1(CD54) (67±4%CD54+ cells vs. 19±2 % CD54+ cells in control; p< 0.001). Moreover, this treatment induced expression of tissue factor (CD142, detected by HTF-1 Mab) on HUVECs (54±20% CD142+ cells vs. 4±2% CD142+ cells in control; p=0.008) and increased exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS, detected by Annexin V) (29±2% PS+ cells vs. 12±5% PS+ cells in control; p<0.001). In addition, using the MTS proliferation assay, we found that C60(OH)24 significantly inhibited HUVEC proliferation (35± 8% inhibition at 10 μg/mL). Analysis of cell cycle and DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) by flow cytometry showed that both C60 and C60(OH)24 caused G1 arrest of HUVECs and C60(OH)24 induced significant apoptosis (21±2% TUNEL+ cells at 100 μg/mL of C60(OH)24 vs. 4±2% TUNEL+ cells in control; p<0.001). The acute effect of fullerenes on intracellular free Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]i was studied, using a ratio fluorometry in HUVECs, GT1-7 and PC12 cells. Cells were loaded with a Ca2+-sensitive probe FURA-2AM. We demonstrated that both C60 and C60(OH)24 induced a rapid concentration dependent elevation of [Ca2+]i. For example, C60(OH)24 at 100 μg/mL caused 149±30 nM increase in [Ca2+]i in HUVECs. The activity could be inhibited by EGTA, suggesting that the source of [Ca2+]i in fullerene stimulated calcium flux is predominantly from the extracellular environment. In contrast, fullerenes tested at the given concentrations, did neither induce platelet aggregation nor affect TRAP or ADP/epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation, as tested with human PRP. In conclusion, our results indicate possible adverse effects of fullerenes on the endothelium. Hydroxyfullerene C60(OH)24, which may be formed as an oxidative product of C60 fullerenes, inhibited cell proliferation and had both proinflammatory and proapoptotic effects on endothelial cells. These findings warrant further studies on vascular biocompatibility of carbon nanostructures. The views of the authors represent their scientific opinion and should not be construed as FDA policy.
Sulfobetaine Cryogels for Preferential Adsorption of Methyl Orange from Mixed Dye Solutions
