Effects of BPA, BPS, and BPF on Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Enzyme Expression in Bovine Oocytes and Spermatozoa

Bisphenol A (BPA) and its analogs, bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF), might impact fertility by altering oxidative stress pathways. Here, we hypothesize that bisphenols-induced oxidative stress is responsible for decreased gamete quality. In both female (cumulus-oocyte-complexes—COCs) and male (spermatozoa), oxidative stress was measured by CM-H2DCFDA assay and key ROS scavengers (SOD1, SOD2, GPX1, GPX4, CAT) were quantified at the mRNA and protein levels using qPCR and Western blot (COCs)/immunofluorescence (sperm). Either gamete was treated in five groups: control, vehicle, and 0.05 mg/mL of BPA, BPS, or BPF. Our results show elevated ROS in BPA-treated COCs but decreased production in BPS- and BPF-treated spermatozoa. Additionally, both mRNA and protein expression of SOD2, GPX1, and GPX4 were decreased in BPA-treated COCs (p < 0.05). In sperm, motility (p < 0.03), but not morphology, was significantly altered by bisphenols. SOD1 mRNA expression was significantly increased, while GPX4 was significantly reduced. These results support BPA’s ability to alter oxidative stress in oocytes and, to a lesser extent, in sperm. However, BPS and BPF likely act through different mechanisms.

The bisphenol F and bisphenol S and cardiovascular disease: results from NHANES 2013–2016

Background Bisphenol F (BPF) and bisphenol S (BPS) have replaced bisphenol A (BPA) in the manufacturing of products containing polycarbonates and epoxy resins; however, the effects of these substitutes on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), including congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, heart attack, and stroke, have not been assessed. Objective To examine the association of urinary BPS and BPF with CVD risk in a U.S. representative U.S. population. Methods Cross-sectional data from 1267 participants aged 20–80 years from the 2013–2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were analyzed. Survey-weighted multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association between BPA, BPF, BPS and CVD. The Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) model was applied to assess the mixture effect. Results A total of 138 patients with CVD were identified. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the T3 tertile concentration of BPS increased the risk of total CVD (OR: 1.99, 95% CI 1.16–3.40). When stratified by age, we found that BPS increased the risk of CVD in the 50–80 age group (OR: 1.40, 95% CI 1.05–1.87). BPS was positively associated with the risk of coronary heart disease, and the T3 tertile concentration of BPS increased the coronary heart disease risk by 2.22 times (95% CI 1.04–4.74). No significant association was observed between BPF and CVD. Although the BKMR model did not identify the mixed exposure effect of BPS, the risk of CVD increased with increasing compound concentration. Conclusion Our results suggest that BPS may increase the risk of total CVD and coronary heart disease in the US population, and prospective studies are needed to confirm the results.

Application of Microgel as a Sorbent for Bisphenol Analysis in Liquid Food Samples

Bisphenols are well-known endocrine disruptors that can easily migrate from plastic and can containers to food. Due to the complicated matrix and ultra-low concentrations of bisphenols in food, samples require extensive preparation before instrumental analysis. In this paper, an environmental sensitive microgel was employed as a sorbent for the preconcentration of four bisphenols, bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol B (BPB), bisphenol E (BPE) and bisphenol F (BPF), from liquid food samples. Liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD) was used for the quantification of bisphenols. By applying microgel solid-phase extraction procedure, the limits of detections achieved in liquid food samples can be lowered to 0.9 µg·L−1 for BPF and BPA, 2.3 µg·L−1 for BPE and 2.9 µg·L−1 for BPB. Only 5 mg of microgel was sufficient to achieve good recoveries (70.5–109%) with precision (RSD 0.21–5.01%, n = 3) for different analyzed liquid food samples spiked at concentration levels of 50 µg·L−1. In five out of twelve of the analyzed samples (pineapple, mandarin, peach, mushroom and pickles), they were contaminated with BPA, and the determined concentration was in the range of 6.2–22 µg·L−1; however, these results are below the specific migration limit (SML) set for BPA (50 µg·kg−1).

Identification and Quantification of Bisphenols in Water by Dissipation followed by Silylation using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Bisphenols are important endocrine disruptors, which were widely used in the variety of food packing and storage materials which often come into contact with various food products packed in them. The presence of bisphenols in water is harmful for the health of humans as well as aquatic animals and also, they accumulate over a period of time. Hence, the present work aimed to develop a simple and accurate GCMS-SIM method for the quantification of bisphenols in packaged drinking water as well as the water samples collected in river and lakes in Andhra Pradesh state of India. Bisphenols were extracted by simple solvent extraction with acetonitrile and silylated by N,O-bis (trimethylsilyl)trifluoro acetamide and analyzed by GC-MS. Various parameters that affect the recovery of the analytes were carefully optimized and the developed method was validated. The recoveries of the analytes were in the range of 80-120 % with quantification limit of 1 ng/L. The calibration curve was linear in the concentration range of 5 ng/L to 10 μg/L. The method was applied for the quantification of bisphenols in packaged drinking water at room temperature and at 50 ºC at various time intervals. The results proved that the water sample kept at room temperature doesn’t shows peaks corresponding to bisphenols. The water sample exposed to 50 ºC for 30 days bisphenols content 10, 12, 22 and 8 ng/L respectively for bisphenol G (BPG), bisphenol F (BPF), bisphenol E, (BPE) and bisphenol A (BPA) whereas the same sample at 180 days of exposer shows 60, 51, 61 and 22 ng/L respectively confirms that the leaching of plastic due to temperature increases the bisphenols level. Among the real time samples studied, the bisphenols level was observed to be very high in Kolleru Lake and it is having 17, 14, 8 and 12 ng/L of BPG, BPF, BPE and BPA, respectively confirms that due to high plastic pollution the bisphenols level was high in these samples. Hence, it can be concluded that the method can be suitable for the analysis of bisphenols in drinking water as well as in wastewater samples.

Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography method to assess bisphenol F levels in milk

Bisphenol F (BPF) is a bisphenol A (BPA) analogue. As an endocrine disruptor, BPF shows a similar BPA hormonal activity and greater endocrine effects. To assess BPF levels in milk a selective method based on solvent extraction with acetonitrile, solid-phase extraction (SPE), high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FD) system, was developed. The method showed high recovery values (from 97.60 to 107.16%), and good detection and quantification limits (LOD=0.03 μg/L; LOQ=0.1 μg/L). To validate the analytical method, quantitative analyses of n.20 milk samples of whole milk were preliminarily carried out applying a monitoring system based on the control of different stages of pasteurized whole milk processing at a dairy company. The proposed method is simple, sensitive, and might be suitable to detect BPF residues in milk processing. At the dairy company, the occurrence of BPF levels ranging from <LOQ to 2.956 μg/L was observed. Further analyses and better knowledge about the occurrence, toxicity, and exposure levels of BPF analogue in milk, particularly for vulnerable consumer categories, are needed.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Cracking Process of Bisphenol F Epoxy Resin under High-Energy Particle Impact

The current lead insulation of high-temperature superconductivity equipment is under the combined action of large temperature gradient field and strong electric field. Compared with a uniform temperature field, its electric field distortion is more serious, and it is easy to induce surface discharge to generate high-energy particles, destroy the insulation surface structure and accelerate insulation degradation. In this paper, the degradation reaction process of bisphenol F epoxy resin under the impact of high-energy particles, such as O3−, HO–, H3O+ and NO+, is calculated based on ReaxFF simulation. According to the different types of high-energy particles under different voltage polarities, the micro-degradation mechanism, pyrolysis degree and pyrolysis products of epoxy resin are analyzed. The results show that in addition to the chemical reaction of high-energy particles with epoxy resin, their kinetic energy will also destroy the molecular structure of the material, causing the cross-linked epoxy resin to pyrolyze, and the impact of positive particles has a more obvious impact on the pyrolysis of epoxy resin.