Review of chemical and electrokinetic remediation of PCBs contaminated soils and sediments

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 1140-1156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangping Fan ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Guodong Fang ◽  
Xiangdong Zhu ◽  
Dongmei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Electrokinetic Remediation ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Soils And Sediments

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are manmade organic compounds, and their pollution has been a global environmental problem due to their persistence, long-range atmospheric transport and bioaccumulation.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the atmospheric occurrence and deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Southern Ocean

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 12029-12041 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. J. Galbán-Malagón ◽  
S. Del Vento ◽  
A. Cabrerizo ◽  
J. Dachs
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Deposition Flux ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Antarctic Soils

Abstract. Persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, reach the Southern Ocean atmosphere through long-range atmospheric transport. In this study we report the largest dataset available for the atmospheric occurrence of PCBs in the Southern Ocean surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula from samples obtained during three cruises in 2005, 2008 and 2009. The gas phase concentrations of total PCBs (Σ25PCBs) ranged from 1 to 70 pg m−3, while the aerosol phase concentrations were significantly lower (0.04 to 0.4 pg m−3). The aerosol phase is enriched in the more hydrophobic congeners consistent with the model predictions of gas-particle partitioning. There is a net air-to-water diffusive flux of PCBs to the Southern Ocean, up to 100 times higher than the dry deposition flux of aerosol-bound PCBs. The air-water disequilibrium is higher for the more hydrophobic congeners consistent with the role of the biological pump removing PCBs from the water column by settling of PCBs bound to organic matter. The atmospheric half-lives of PCB 52 and 180 are of 3.8 and 1 days, respectively, as calculated from the measured atmospheric concentration and depositional fluxes. The volatilization of PCBs from Antarctic soils during the austral summer drives higher gas phase concentrations in the atmosphere over Antarctica during the warmer periods. This temperature dependence is not observed for PCBs over the adjacent Southern Ocean, probably due to the importance of long-range atmospheric transport and atmospheric deposition modulating the atmospheric occurrence of PCBs.

scholarly journals Congener specific distribution and health risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in urban soils

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhupander Kumar ◽  
Sanjay Kumar ◽  
Chandra Shekhar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Health Risk ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Urban Soils ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Soil Ingestion ◽  
Risk Estimates ◽  
The World ◽  
Adults And Children

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were primarily used in transformers and capacitors, lubricants, flame retardants, plasticizers, paint, carbonless papers, etc. These are capable of long-range atmospheric transport and have been designated as persistent organic pollutants by the Stockholm Convention. Due to their characteristic properties, PCBs are found worldwide in all environmental matrices (including human) and biota. Soils are usually considered to be the source as well as sink for environmental pollutants, with cumulative effects of long-range atmospheric transport and local sources. Around the world, comparatively higher concentrations of PCBs have been reported in urban soils than suburban or rural soils. Higher amount of PCBs in urban soils may cause toxicological health risks to urban residents through ingestion, inhalation and skin contact. This paper presents the PCB distribution in soils from Delhi, India, and exposure risk estimates for human health through soil ingestion. The concentration of &Sigma;PCBs ranged between 1.08-100.67 ng g<sup>&ndash;1</sup> (mean 21.16 ng g<sup>&ndash;1</sup>&plusmn;5.24 ng g<sup>&ndash;1</sup>), which was much lower than the Canadian soil quality guideline value of 1.3 mg/kg or 1300 ng g<sup>&ndash;1</sup>. Human health risk estimates through the soil ingestion pathway were made in terms of lifetime average daily dose (LADD), incremental lifetime cancer risks and non-carcinogenic hazard quotient (HQ). The LADD for Delhi adults and children was 3.02x10<sup>&ndash;8</sup> mg kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> d<sup>&ndash;1</sup> and 1.57x10<sup>&ndash;7</sup> mg kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> d<sup>&ndash;1</sup>, respectively, which corresponds to toxic equivalent quotients (TEQ) intake of 0.105 pg TEQ kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> d<sup>&ndash;1</sup> (0.735 pg TEQ kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> week<sup>&ndash;1</sup>) and 0.543 pg TEQ kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> d<sup>&ndash;1</sup> (3.801 pg TEQ kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> week<sup>&ndash;1</sup>), respectively. The estimated LADD for Delhi residents was lower than the acceptable intake values recommended by the World Health Organization (1 pg TEQ kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> d<sup>&ndash;1</sup>), the European Commission (14 pg TEQ kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup>;1 week<sup>&ndash;1</sup>) and by the Japanese government (4 pg TEQ kg<sup>&ndash;1</sup> d<sup>&ndash;1</sup>). The probability of cancer risk ranges from 6.04x10<sup>&ndash;8</sup> (&Sigma;PCBs) to 1.57x10<sup>&ndash;5</sup> (&Sigma;TEQ) and 3.13x10&ndash;7 (&Sigma;PCBs) to 8.15x10&ndash;5 (&Sigma;TEQ) for adults and children, respectively, and was within acceptable ranges of 10<sup>&ndash;6</sup> to 10<sup>&ndash;4</sup>. The non-carcinogenic risk in terms of health HQ was 0.105 and 0.330 for adults and children, respectively, which was lower than the acceptable limit of 1. The study found lower concentrations of PCBs than guideline values and low health risk estimates through the soil ingestion pathway within acceptable levels, indicating a minimum risk for Delhi residents.

scholarly journals Factors affecting the atmospheric occurrence and deposition of polychlorinated biphenyls in the Southern Ocean

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 18779-18808
Author(s):  
C. J. Galbán-Malagón ◽  
S. Del Vento ◽  
A. Cabrerizo ◽  
J. Dachs
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Southern Ocean ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Deposition Flux ◽  
Atmospheric Concentration ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Antarctic Soils

Abstract. Persistent organic pollutants, such as polychlorinated biphenyls, reach the Southern Ocean atmosphere through long-range atmospheric transport. In this study we report the largest data set available for the atmospheric occurrence of PCBs in the Southern Ocean surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula from samples obtained during three cruises in 2005, 2008 and 2009. The gas phase concentrations of total PCBs (σ25PCBs) ranged from 1 to 70 pg m-3, while the aerosol phase concentrations were significantly lower (0.04 to 0.4 pg m-3). The aerosol phase is enriched in the more hydrophobic congeners consistent with the model predictions of gas-particle partitioning. There is a net air to water diffusive flux of PCBs to the Southern Ocean, up to 50 times higher than the dry deposition flux of aerosol-bound PCBs. The air–water disequilibrium is higher for the more hydrophobic congeners consistent with the role of the biological pump removing PCBs from the water column by settling of PCBs bound to organic matter. The atmospheric half-lives of PCB 52 and 180 are of 3.8 and 1 days, respectively, as predicted from the measured atmospheric concentration and depositional fluxes. The volatilization of PCBs from Antarctic soils during the Austral summer drives higher gas phase concentrations in the atmosphere over Antarctica during the warmer periods. This temperature dependence is not observed for PCBs over the adjacent Southern Ocean, probably due to the importance of long-range atmospheric transport and atmospheric deposition modulating the atmospheric occurrence of PCBs.

scholarly journals Forecasting long-range atmospheric transport episodes of polychlorinated biphenyls using FLEXPART

2013 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
pp. 335-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Karine Halse ◽  
Sabine Eckhardt ◽  
Martin Schlabach ◽  
Andreas Stohl ◽  
Knut Breivik
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Long Range ◽  
Atmospheric Transport

Impacts of Remediation of Halogenated Organic Compounds in Soils and Sediments

2020 ◽  
pp. 341-362
Author(s):  
Hale Demirtepe
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Assessment ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Hydrophobic Organic Compounds ◽  
Halogenated Organic Compounds ◽  
Soils And Sediments ◽  
Diphenyl Ethers

Halogenated hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) have been used in various industrial applications and are present in many commercial products. Due to their emissions during manufacturing and discharges as wastes, halogenated HOCs such as polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers are ubiquitously found in the environment and create contaminated sites. To remove the contamination from these sites, various remediation techniques have been useful. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate the impacts of traditional and emerging remediation techniques on ecosystem. One of the traditional remediation techniques is dredging and the mostly studied emerging remediation techniques are bioaugmentation and biostimulation. The efficiency of these techniques is also evaluated regarding reduction in contaminant mass. Overall, this chapter presents the efficiency and possible impacts of dredging, bioaugmentation and biostimulation of soils and sediments, and the implications include the evaluation of most feasible remediation techniques by using life cycle assessment.

Forensic differentiation of biogenic organic compounds from petroleum hydrocarbons in biogenic and petrogenic compounds cross-contaminated soils and sediments

2009 ◽  
Vol 1216 (7) ◽  
pp. 1174-1191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhendi Wang ◽  
C. Yang ◽  
F. Kelly-Hooper ◽  
B.P. Hollebone ◽  
X. Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Petroleum Hydrocarbons ◽  
Soils And Sediments

scholarly journals Remediation of mercury-contaminated soils and sediments using biochar: a critical review

Biochar ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Yang ◽  
Yongjie Wang ◽  
Huan Zhong
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Functional Materials ◽  
Redox Conditions ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Soils And Sediments ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Biochar Amendment

AbstractThe transformation of mercury (Hg) into the more toxic and bioaccumulative form methylmercury (MeHg) in soils and sediments can lead to the biomagnification of MeHg through the food chain, which poses ecological and health risks. In the last decade, biochar application, an in situ remediation technique, has been shown to be effective in mitigating the risks from Hg in soils and sediments. However, uncertainties associated with biochar use and its underlying mechanisms remain. Here, we summarize recent studies on the effects and advantages of biochar amendment related to Hg biogeochemistry and its bioavailability in soils and sediments and systematically analyze the progress made in understanding the underlying mechanisms responsible for reductions in Hg bioaccumulation. The existing literature indicates (1) that biochar application decreases the mobility of inorganic Hg in soils and sediments and (2) that biochar can reduce the bioavailability of MeHg and its accumulation in crops but has a complex effect on net MeHg production. In this review, two main mechanisms, a direct mechanism (e.g., Hg-biochar binding) and an indirect mechanism (e.g., biochar-impacted sulfur cycling and thus Hg-soil binding), that explain the reduction in Hg bioavailability by biochar amendment based on the interactions among biochar, soil and Hg under redox conditions are highlighted. Furthermore, the existing problems with the use of biochar to treat Hg-contaminated soils and sediments, such as the appropriate dose and the long-term effectiveness of biochar, are discussed. Further research involving laboratory tests and field applications is necessary to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the role of biochar in reducing Hg bioavailability in diverse soil types under varying redox conditions and to develop completely green and sustainable biochar-based functional materials for mitigating Hg-related health risks.

scholarly journals Enhanced Electrokinetic Remediation for the Removal of Heavy Metals from Contaminated Soils

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1799
Author(s):  
Claudio Cameselle ◽  
Susana Gouveia ◽  
Adrian Cabo
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Citric Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Electrokinetic Remediation ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Soil Specimen ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals ◽  
Ph Conditions ◽  
Neutral Metal

The electrokinetic remediation of an agricultural soil contaminated with heavy metals was studied using organic acids as facilitating agents. The unenhanced electrokinetic treatment using deionized water as processing fluid did not show any significant mobilization and removal of heavy metals due to the low solubilization of metals and precipitation at high pH conditions close to the cathode. EDTA and citric acid 0.1 M were used as facilitating agents to favor the dissolution and transportation of metals. The organic acids were added to the catholyte and penetrated into the soil specimen by electromigration. EDTA formed negatively charged complexes. Citric acid formed neutral metal complexes in the soil pH conditions (pH = 2–4). Citric acid was much more effective in the dissolution and transportation out of the soil specimen of complexed metals. In order to enhance the removal of metals, the concentration of citric acid was increased up to 0.5 M, resulting in the removal of 78.7% of Cd, 78.6% of Co, 72.5% of Cu, 73.3% of Zn, 11.8% of Cr and 9.8% of Pb.

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