A bimodal probe for fluorescence and synchrotron X-ray fluorescence imaging of dopaminergic neurons in brain

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a slowly progressing disease of the CNS in children which is caused by measles virus. Ferrets immunized with measles virus prior to inoculation with the cell associated, syncytiogenic D.R. strain of SSPE virus exhibit characteristics very similar to the human disease. Measles virus nucleocapsids are present, high measles antibody titers are found in the sera and inflammatory lesions are prominent in the brains. Measles virus specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) is present in the brain,and IgG/ albumin ratios indicate that the antibodies are synthesized within the CNS.

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Analytical Electron Microscopy (AEM) of Meningeal Cells Exposed to Particulate Cobalt During Studies of Experimental Epilepsy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100053590 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 40 ◽

pp. 186-187

Author(s):

R.G. Frederickson ◽

R.G. Ulrich ◽

J.L. Culberson

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Analytical Electron Microscopy ◽

Experimental Epilepsy ◽

Metallic Cobalt ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

X Ray ◽

Brain Surface ◽

Meningeal Cells ◽

Analytical Electron ◽

The Brain

Metallic cobalt acts as an epileptogenic agent when placed on the brain surface of some experimental animals. The mechanism by which this substance produces abnormal neuronal discharge is unknown. One potentially useful approach to this problem is to study the cellular and extracellular distribution of elemental cobalt in the meninges and adjacent cerebral cortex. Since it is possible to demonstrate the morphological localization and distribution of heavy metals, such as cobalt, by correlative x-ray analysis and electron microscopy (i.e., by AEM), we are using AEM to locate and identify elemental cobalt in phagocytic meningeal cells of young 80-day postnatal opossums following a subdural injection of cobalt particles.

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Comparison of Cytocidal Activities of L-DOPA and Dopamine in S. cerevisiae and C. glabrata

Current Bioactive Compounds ◽

10.2174/1573407214666180108144216 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 90-93

Author(s):

Carmen E. Iriarte ◽

Ian G. Macreadie

Keyword(s):

Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Dopaminergic Neurons ◽

Candida Glabrata ◽

High Sensitivity ◽

Time Dependent ◽

Colony Forming Units ◽

Dependent Cell ◽

The Brain

Background: Parkinson's Disease results from a loss of dopaminergic neurons, and reduced levels of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Parkinson's Disease treatments involve increasing dopamine levels through administration of L-DOPA, which can cross the blood brain barrier and be converted to dopamine in the brain. The toxicity of dopamine has previously studied but there has been little study of L-DOPA toxicity. Methods: We have compared the toxicity of dopamine and L-DOPA in the yeasts, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida glabrata by cell viability assays, measuring colony forming units. Results: L-DOPA and dopamine caused time-dependent cell killing in Candida glabrata while only dopamine caused such effects in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The toxicity of L-DOPA is much lower than dopamine. Conclusion: Candida glabrata exhibits high sensitivity to L-DOPA and may have advantages for studying the cytotoxicity of L-DOPA.

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HIGH-RESOLVED FLUORESCENCE IMAGING OF X-RAY MICRO-RADIOGRAPHIES ON NOVEL LiF DETECTORS

Synchrotron Radiation and Nanostructures ◽

10.1142/9789814280846_0005 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

F. BONFIGLI ◽

S. ALMAVIVA ◽

G. BALDACCHINI ◽

F. FLORA ◽

A. LAI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fluorescence Imaging ◽

X Ray

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Characterization of a Pixelated Cadmium Telluride Detector System Using a Polychromatic X-Ray Source and Gold Nanoparticle-Loaded Phantoms for Benchtop X-Ray Fluorescence Imaging

IEEE Access ◽

10.1109/access.2021.3069368 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 ◽

pp. 49912-49919

Author(s):

Sandun Jayarathna ◽

Md Foiez Ahmed ◽

Liam O'ryan ◽

Hem Moktan ◽

Yonggang Cui ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gold Nanoparticle ◽

Fluorescence Imaging ◽

Cadmium Telluride ◽

Detector System ◽

X Ray

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Synergistic Effects of Milk-Derived Exosomes and Galactose on α-Synuclein Pathology in Parkinson’s Disease and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22031059 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 1059

Author(s):

Bodo C. Melnik

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Dopaminergic Neurons ◽

Vagal Nerve ◽

Β Cells ◽

Pancreatic Β Cells ◽

The Brain

Epidemiological studies associate milk consumption with an increased risk of Parkinson’s disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). PD is an α-synucleinopathy associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, deficient lysosomal clearance of α-synuclein (α-syn) and aggregation of misfolded α-syn. In T2D, α-syn promotes co-aggregation with islet amyloid polypeptide in pancreatic β-cells. Prion-like vagal nerve-mediated propagation of exosomal α-syn from the gut to the brain and pancreatic islets apparently link both pathologies. Exosomes are critical transmitters of α-syn from cell to cell especially under conditions of compromised autophagy. This review provides translational evidence that milk exosomes (MEX) disturb α-syn homeostasis. MEX are taken up by intestinal epithelial cells and accumulate in the brain after oral administration to mice. The potential uptake of MEX miRNA-148a and miRNA-21 by enteroendocrine cells in the gut, dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra and pancreatic β-cells may enhance miRNA-148a/DNMT1-dependent overexpression of α-syn and impair miRNA-148a/PPARGC1A- and miRNA-21/LAMP2A-dependent autophagy driving both diseases. MiRNA-148a- and galactose-induced mitochondrial oxidative stress activate c-Abl-mediated aggregation of α-syn which is exported by exosome release. Via the vagal nerve and/or systemic exosomes, toxic α-syn may spread to dopaminergic neurons and pancreatic β-cells linking the pathogenesis of PD and T2D.

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Importance of Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Antiparkinsonian Drugs

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics13040508 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 508

Author(s):

Sara Silva ◽

António J. Almeida ◽

Nuno Vale

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Dopaminergic Neurons ◽

Lewy Bodies ◽

Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽

The Elderly ◽

Motor Symptoms ◽

Administration Routes ◽

Pharmaceutical Therapy ◽

Drug Pharmacokinetic ◽

The Brain

Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects around ten million people worldwide and is considered the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. In addition, there is a higher risk incidence in the elderly population. The main PD hallmarks include the loss of dopaminergic neurons and the development of Lewy bodies. Unfortunately, motor symptoms only start to appear when around 50–70% of dopaminergic neurons have already been lost. This particularly poses a huge challenge for early diagnosis and therapeutic effectiveness. Actually, pharmaceutical therapy is able to relief motor symptoms, but as the disease progresses motor complications and severe side-effects start to appear. In this review, we explore the research conducted so far in order to repurpose drugs for PD with the use of nanodelivery systems, alternative administration routes, and nanotheranostics. Overall, studies have demonstrated great potential for these nanosystems to target the brain, improve drug pharmacokinetic profile, and decrease side-effects.

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Insights into Biogenic and Diagenetic Lead Exposure in Experimentally Altered Modern and Archaeological Bone: Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence Imaging

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148144 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 148144

Author(s):

Rachel Simpson ◽

Tamara L. Varney ◽

Ian Coulthard ◽

Treena Swanston ◽

Vaughan Grimes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Synchrotron Radiation ◽

Fluorescence Imaging ◽

Lead Exposure ◽

X Ray

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A review of nanotechnology with an emphasis on Nanoplex

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502015000200002 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 255-263

Author(s):

Rupali Nanasaheb Kadam ◽

Raosaheb Sopanrao Shendge ◽

Vishal Vijay Pande

Keyword(s):

Drug Delivery ◽

Drug Delivery Systems ◽

Drug Loading ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

X Ray ◽

Conventional Drug ◽

Anionic Drugs ◽

Oppositely Charged ◽

The Brain

<p>The use of nanotechnology based on the development and fabrication of nanostructures is one approach that has been employed to overcome the challenges involved with conventional drug delivery systems. Formulating Nanoplex is the new trend in nanotechnology. A nanoplex is a complex formed by a drug nanoparticle with an oppositely charged polyelectrolyte. Both cationic and anionic drugs form complexes with oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. Compared with other nanostructures, the yield of Nanoplex is greater and the complexation efficiency is better. Nanoplex are also easier to prepare. Nanoplex formulation is characterized through the production yield, complexation efficiency, drug loading, particle size and zeta potential using scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction and dialysis studies. Nanoplex have wide-ranging applications in different fields such as cancer therapy, gene drug delivery, drug delivery to the brain and protein and peptide drug delivery.</p>

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