scholarly journals CoA regulation and metabolic control

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-8
Author(s):  
Suzanne Jackowski ◽  
Charles O. Rock
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Carbon Flux ◽  
Membrane Structure ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Multiple Reactions ◽  
Allosteric Regulator ◽  
Specialized Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Activities

All organisms require coenzyme A (CoA) for intermediary metabolism. CoA ushers organic acid substrates, particularly fatty acids, through multiple reactions that supply energy, building blocks for membrane structure, protein modifications that alter subcellular interactions or activities and secondary metabolite production. Acetyl-CoA is an allosteric regulator of key metabolic activities that direct carbon flux. CoA synthesis from pantothenate is dynamic and responsive to nutritional and environmental conditions, with the goal of cell homoeostasis during proliferation and in support of specialized tissue functions. Pantothenate is the unique precursor of CoA, and the pantothenate kinase (PanK) family of enzymes exerts control over the amount of CoA produced. The PanKs are regulated co-ordinately by several mechanisms, and the complexity of CoA regulation is currently unfolding. Little is known about the mechanisms of CoA degradation that work together with biosynthesis to maintain a threshold level of cellular CoA.

scholarly journals Bacterial precursors and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are biomarkers of North-Atlantic demosponges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna de Kluijver ◽  
Klaas G.J. Nierop ◽  
Teresa M. Morganti ◽  
Martijn C. Bart ◽  
Beate M. Slaby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Functional Ecology ◽  
The North ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractSponges produce distinct fatty acids (FAs) that (potentially) can be used as chemotaxonomic and ecological biomarkers to study endosymbiont-host interactions and the functional ecology of sponges. Here, we present FA profiles of five common habitat-building deep-sea sponges (class Demospongiae, order Tetractinellida), which are classified as high microbial abundance (HMA) species. Geodia hentscheli, G. parva, G. atlantica, G. barretti, and Stelletta rhaphidiophora were collected from boreal and Arctic sponge grounds in the North-Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial FAs dominated in all five species and particularly isomeric mixtures of mid-chain branched FAs (MBFAs, 8- and 9-Me-C16:0 and 10 and 11-Me-C18:0) were found in high abundance (together ≥ 20% of total FAs) aside more common bacterial markers. In addition, the sponges produced long-chain linear, mid- and a(i)-branched unsaturated FAs (LCFAs) with a chain length of 24‒28 C atoms and had predominantly the typical Δ5,9 unsaturation, although also Δ9,19 and (yet undescribed) Δ11,21 unsaturations were identified. G. parva and S. rhaphidiophora each produced distinct LCFAs, while G. atlantica, G. barretti, and G. hentscheli produced similar LCFAs, but in different ratios. The different bacterial precursors varied in carbon isotopic composition (δ13C), with MBFAs being more enriched compared to other bacterial (linear and a(i)-branched) FAs. We propose biosynthetic pathways for different LCFAs from their bacterial precursors, that are consistent with small isotopic differences found in LCFAs. Indeed, FA profiles of deep-sea sponges can serve as chemotaxonomic markers and support the conception that sponges acquire building blocks from their endosymbiotic bacteria.

Lipids: Fatty Acids

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Bianchi ◽  
Elizabeth A. Canuel
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Relative Proportion ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Deep Sea Bacteria ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Biomarkers

This chapter discusses fatty acids, the building blocks of lipids, which represent a significant fraction of the total lipid pool in aquatic organisms. It explores how chain length and levels of unsaturation (number of double bonds) have been shown to be correlated to decomposition, indicating a pre- and postdepositional selective loss of short-chain and polyunsaturated fatty acids. In contrast, saturated fatty acids are more stable and typically increase in relative proportion to total fatty acids with increasing sediment depth. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are predominantly used as proxies for the presence of “fresh” algal sources, although some PUFAs also occur in vascular plants and deep-sea bacteria. Thus, these biomarkers represent a very diverse group of compounds present in aquatic systems. The numerous applications of fatty acid biomarkers to identifying the sources of organic matter in lakes, rivers, estuaries, and marine ecosystems are discussed.

Enhanced Production of Fatty Acids via Redirection of Carbon Flux in Marine Microalga Tetraselmis sp.

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi-Ae Han ◽  
Seong-Joo Hong ◽  
Z-Hun Kim ◽  
Byung-Kwan Cho ◽  
Hookeun Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Carbon Flux ◽  
Marine Microalga ◽  
Enhanced Production

Impact of Encapsulated Lactobacillus casei 01 Along with Pasteurized Purple-Rice Drinks on Modulating Colon Microbiome using a Digestive Model

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 637-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pittaya Chaikham ◽  
Arunee Apichartsrangkoon ◽  
Srivilai Worametrachanon ◽  
Tom Van de Wiele
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lactobacillus Casei ◽  
Distal Colon ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
Gelatinized Starch ◽  
Metabolic Activities ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract The prospect of Lactobacillus casei 01 and pasteurized purple-rice drinks on modulating colon microbiome by using a simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem was investigated. Accordingly, L. casei 01 alone and with pasteurized purple-rice drink were administered into the proximal and distal colons. In consequence, some colon bacteria and their metabolic activities were examined. The results showed that upon modulating the colon microbiota by L. casei 01 alone with pasteurized germinated-purple-rice drink in the distal colon, acetate and propionate (short-chain fatty acids) were equivalently elevated but other treatments performed differently. Based on the profile of colon microbiota, most treatments stimulated the highest number of lactobacilli followed by bifidobacteria, while other undesirable bacteria were moderately diminished. In overall, larger gelatinized starch in the rice drinks enabled by pasteurization triggered off better modulating impact than by pressurization.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Bifunctional Molecules for the Production of Polymers Based on Unsaturated Fatty Acids as Bioderived Raw Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 275-289
Author(s):  
Alessa Hinzmann ◽  
Selina Sophie Druhmann ◽  
Harald Gröger
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Product Formation ◽  
Bifunctional Molecules ◽  
Biorenewable Resources ◽  
Aldoxime Dehydratase

Currently, investigations of polymer-building blocks made from biorenewable feedstocks such as, for example, fatty acids, are of high interest for the chemical industry. An alternative synthesis of nitrile-substituted aliphatic carboxylic acids as precursors for ω-amino acids, which are useful to produce polymers, was investigated starting from biorenewable fatty acids. By hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty acids or unsaturated acids being accessible from unsaturated fatty acids by cross-metathesis reactions, aldehydes are formed. In this work, the hydroformylation of such unsaturated acids led to the formation of the corresponding aldehydes, which were afterwards converted with hydroxylamine to aldoximes. Subsequent dehydration by an aldoxime dehydratase as a biocatalyst or by CuII acetate led to the desired nitriles. Within this work, C7-, C9- and C11-carboxylic acids with a terminal nitrile functionality as well as a branched nitrile-functionalized stearate derivative were synthesized by means of this approach. As these nitriles serve as precursors for amino acids being suitable for polymerization, this work represents an alternative synthetic access to polyamide precursors, which starts directly from unsaturated fatty acids as biorenewable resources and avoids harsh reaction conditions as well as and by-product formation.

The effect of environmental conditions on the dynamics of fatty acids in juveniles of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 267-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Nemova ◽  
Z. A. Nefedova ◽  
S. A. Murzina ◽  
A. E. Veselov ◽  
P. O. Ripatti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar
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