IKKα in the regulation of inflammation and adaptive immunity

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 270-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lawrence ◽  
M. Bebien
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Catalytic Subunits ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Inflammatory Stimuli ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Beneficial Response ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Inflammatory Signalling

Inflammation is a beneficial response to insult or injury which plays an important role in orchestrating the adaptive immune response. The resolution of acute inflammation is an active process that involves the release of anti-inflammatory mediators and the termination of pro-inflammatory signalling pathways coincident with leucocyte apoptosis and phagocytic clearance and the migration of antigen-presenting cells from the site of inflammation to the local lymphatic tissue. The latter process is required for the development of adaptive immunity and immunological memory. The NF-κB (nuclear factor κB) pathway is an important regulator of inflammation and immunity; NF-κB activation is controlled by IKK [IκB (inhibitor of NF-κB) kinase] complex, which regulates NF-κB activation in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. The IKK complex has two catalytic subunits, IKKα and IKKβ; recent research shows that these highly homologous kinases have distinct roles in inflammation and adaptive immunity. Here, we discuss the emerging roles for IKKα in the tight regulation of inflammation and the development of adaptive immune responses.

scholarly journals The Adipocyte and Adaptive Immunity

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianfeng Song ◽  
Tuo Deng
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Mhc Class Ii ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Mhc Class Ii Molecules

Not only do Adipocytes have energy storage and endocrine functions, but they also play an immunological role. Adipocytes are involved in adaptive immunity to mediate the pathological processes of a variety of chronic inflammatory diseases and autoimmune syndromes. The adaptive immune response consists of T cell-mediated cellular immunity and B cell-mediated humoral immunity. Obese adipocytes overexpress MHC class II molecules and costimulators to act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and promote the activation of CD4+ T cells. In addition, various adipokines secreted by adipocytes regulate the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. Adipokines are also involved in B cell generation, development, activation, and antibody production. Therefore, adipocytes play an important role in B cell-mediated adaptive immunity. This review describes how adipocytes participate in adaptive immunity from the perspective of T cells and B cells, and discusses their role in the pathogenesis of various diseases.

Adaptive immunity

2010 ◽  
pp. 224-234
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Disease ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Response ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Single Organism

Following the innate immune response, which acts very rapidly, the adaptive immune response plays a critical role in host defence against infectious disease. Unlike the innate response, which is triggered by pattern recognition of pathogens, i.e. features that are common to many bacteria or viruses, the adaptive response is triggered by structural features—known as antigens or epitopes—that are typically unique to a single organism....

Adaptive immunity

2020 ◽  
pp. 325-336
Author(s):  
Paul Klenerman
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Innate Immune Response ◽  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Antigenic Specificity ◽  
Adaptive Immune Responses ◽  
Research Attention ◽  
Adaptive Immune

The adaptive immune response is distinguished from the innate immune response by two main features: its capacity to respond flexibly to new, previously unencountered antigens (antigenic specificity), and its enhanced capacity to respond to previously encountered antigens (immunological memory). These two features have provided the focus for much research attention, from the time of Jenner, through Pasteur onwards. Historically, innate and adaptive immune responses have often been treated as separate, with the latter being considered more ‘advanced’ because of its flexibility. It is now clear this not the case, and in recent years the molecular basis for these phenomena has become much better understood.

scholarly journals Adaptive Immune Response to Shigella flexneri 2acydC in Immunocompetent Mice and Mice Lacking Immunoglobulin A

1999 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 2001-2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sing Sing Way ◽  
Alain C. Borczuk ◽  
Marcia B. Goldberg
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Shigella Flexneri ◽  
Immunoglobulin A ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Model System ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Immunocompetent Mice

ABSTRACT Shigella flexneri cydC, which is deficient in cytochrome bd, was rapidly cleared from the lungs of intranasally inoculated mice and was Sereny negative, yet it induced 93% protection against challenge with wild-type S. flexneri. Mice that lack immunoglobulin A (IgA) were fully protected, suggesting that IgA may not be required for adaptive immunity in this model system.

Epigenetic regulation of dendritic cell differentiation and function by oxidized phospholipids

Blood ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 114 (27) ◽  
pp. 5481-5489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Blüml ◽  
Gordin Zupkovitz ◽  
Stefanie Kirchberger ◽  
Maria Seyerl ◽  
Valery N. Bochkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Nuclear Factor Κb ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Oxidized Phospholipids ◽  
Toll Like Receptor ◽  
Inflammatory Reactions ◽  
Dendritic Cell Differentiation ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Inflammatory Stimuli ◽  
And Function

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) are the key cell type in the regulation of an adaptive immune response. Under inflammatory conditions monocytes can give rise to immunostimulatory DCs, depending on microenvironmental stimuli. Here we show that oxidized phospholipids (Ox-Pls), which are generated during inflammatory reactions, dysregulate the differentiation of DCs. DCs generated in the presence of Ox-Pls up-regulated the typical DC marker DC-SIGN but did not express CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c. These DCs generated in the presence of Ox-Pls had a substantially diminished T cell–stimulating capacity after stimulation with Toll-like receptor ligands. Toll-like receptor ligand–induced production of interleukin-12 also was strongly diminished, whereas induction of CD83 was not altered. In addition, we found that Ox-Pls strongly inhibit inflammatory stimuli-induced phosphorylation of histone H3, a key step of interleukin-12 production, yet leaving activation of nuclear factor-κB unaltered. Taken together, Ox-Pls present during differentiation yielded DCs with a reduced capacity to become immunostimulatory mature DCs. Furthermore, the presence of Ox-Pls blocked histone modifications required for full activation of DCs. Therefore, inflammation-derived Ox-Pls control DC functions in part by epigenetic mechanisms.

scholarly journals MHC structure and function – antigen presentation. Part 1

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Carla Goldberg ◽  
Luiz Vicente Rizzo
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
T Cell Receptors ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Cell Surfaces ◽  
Vast Array ◽  
Innate Defense ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
And Function ◽  
Antigen Presenting

The setting for the occurrence of an immune response is that of the need to cope with a vast array of different antigens from both pathogenic and non-pathogenic sources. When the first barriers against infection and innate defense fail, adaptive immune response enters the stage for recognition of the antigens by means of extremely variable molecules, namely immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors. The latter recognize the antigen exposed on cell surfaces, in the form of peptides presented by the HLA molecule. The first part of this review details the central role played by these molecules, establishing the close connection existing between their structure and their antigen presenting function.

scholarly journals Manipulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity through Cancer Vaccines

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias J. Sayour ◽  
Duane A. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Innate And Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Therapeutic Setting ◽  
Preclinical And Clinical Studies

Although cancer immunotherapy has shown significant promise in mediating efficacious responses, it remains encumbered by tumor heterogeneity, loss of tumor-specific antigen targets, and the regulatory milieu both regionally and systemically. Cross talk between the innate and adaptive immune response may be requisite to polarize sustained antigen specific immunity. Cancer vaccines can serve as an essential fulcrum in initiating innate immunity while molding and sustaining adaptive immunity. Although peptide vaccines have shown tepid responses in a therapeutic setting with poor correlates for immune activity, RNA vaccines activate innate immune responses and have shown promising effects in preclinical and clinical studies based on enhanced DC migration. While the mechanistic insights behind the interplay between innate and adaptive immunity may be unique to the immunotherapeutic being investigated, understanding this dynamic is important to coordinate the different arms of the immune response in a focused response against cancer antigens.

scholarly journals The Gut Microbiota Is Associated with Clearance ofClostridium difficileInfection Independent of Adaptive Immunity

mSphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jhansi L. Leslie ◽  
Kimberly C. Vendrov ◽  
Matthew L. Jenior ◽  
Vincent B. Young
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Clostridium Difficile ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Adaptive Immunity ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
The United States ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Adaptive Immune

ABSTRACTClostridium(Clostridioides)difficile, a Gram-positive, anaerobic bacterium, is the leading single cause of nosocomial infections in the United States. A major risk factor forClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) is prior exposure to antibiotics, as they increase susceptibility to CDI by altering the membership of the microbial community enabling colonization. The importance of the gut microbiota in providing protection from CDI is underscored by the reported 80 to 90% success rate of fecal microbial transplants in treating recurrent infections. Adaptive immunity, specifically humoral immunity, is also sufficient to protect from both acute and recurrent CDI. However, the role of the adaptive immune system in mediating clearance ofC. difficilehas yet to be resolved. Using murine models of CDI, we found that adaptive immunity is dispensable for clearance ofC. difficile. However, random forest analysis using only two members of the resident bacterial community correctly identified animals that would go on to clear the infection with 66.7% accuracy. These findings indicate that the indigenous gut microbiota independent of adaptive immunity facilitates clearance ofC. difficilefrom the murine gastrointestinal tract.IMPORTANCEClostridium difficileinfection is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients in the United States. Currently, the role of the adaptive immune response in modulating levels ofC. difficilecolonization is unresolved. This work suggests that the indigenous gut microbiota is a main factor that promotes clearance ofC. difficilefrom the GI tract. Our results show that clearance ofC. difficilecan occur without contributions from the adaptive immune response. This study also has implications for the design of preclinical studies testing the efficacy of vaccines on clearance of bacterial pathogens, as inherent differences in the baseline community structure of animals may bias findings.

scholarly journals Swine Dendritic Cell Response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus: An Update

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesús Hernández ◽  
Yanli Li ◽  
Enric Mateu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Respiratory Pathogen ◽  
Respiratory Syndrome Virus ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Unexplored Area ◽  
Plasmacytoid Dcs ◽  
Antigen Presenting

Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen-presenting cells, unique to initiate and coordinate the adaptive immune response. In pigs, conventional DCs (cDCs), plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), and monocyte-derived DCs (moDCs) have been described in blood and tissues. Different pathogens, such as viruses, could infect these cells, and in some cases, compromise their response. The understanding of the interaction between DCs and viruses is critical to comprehend viral immunopathological responses. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the most important respiratory pathogen in the global pig population. Different reports support the notion that PRRSV modulates pig immune response in addition to their genetic and antigenic variability. The interaction of PRRSV with DCs is a mostly unexplored area with conflicting results and lots of uncertainties. Among the scarce certainties, cDCs and pDCs are refractory to PRRSV infection in contrast to moDCs. Additionally, response of DCs to PRRSV can be different depending on the type of DCs and maybe is related to the virulence of the viral isolate. The precise impact of this virus-DC interaction upon the development of the specific immune response is not fully elucidated. The present review briefly summarizes and discusses the previous studies on the interaction of in vitro derived bone marrow (bm)- and moDCs, and in vivo isolated cDCs, pDCs, and moDCs with PRRSV1 and 2.

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